Combining Ability of Response to Photoperiod in Peanut

Abstract

Photoperiod insensitivity plays an important role in the adaptation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes across environments. However, little is known of its genetic control. The objective of this study was to determine the combining ability of response to photoperiod in peanut. The Ft progenies from a six-parent diallel cross excluding reciprocals were studied together with their parents for response to photoperiod under short and long day conditions in the field for three seasons. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with photoperiod as main plots and genotype as subplots. The response to photoperiod (Dst) was computed as the difference in harvest index (adjusted pod weight/adjusted biomass) between short and long day treatments. The mean square for response to photoperiod was highly significant for parents and their crosses. Season by cross interaction was the only significant interaction effect. The response to photoperiod was mainly associated with general combining ability variance. ICG 2405 and ICGV 86031 were good general combiners for insensitivity to photoperiod. All crosses of sensitive × sensitive and sensitive × insensitive parents were sensitive to photoperiod. However, in several cases, this response was not consistent across seasons and resulted in a significant season × cross interaction. The F1 between insensitive parents was insensitive to photoperiod in the three seasons tested. A comparison of Ft response with parents and midparent value of crosses between photoperiod sensitive and insensitive parents suggested additive gene action in some crosses and partial dominance to dominance in others. Cr OP IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS in International Agicultural Research Centers distribute their improved germplasm worldwide. Very often, this germplasm is selected in relatively few test environments. How this material will perform outside of those environments remains a dilemma to breeders until the materials are actually tested. Among other factors, insensitivity to photoperiod plays a significant role in ensuring wide adaptability of these genotypes. Photoperiod has little influence on time to flowering in peanut but affects its reproductive development in many ways by influencing the processes that occur mainly after flowering. Plants grown under short days (SD), in spite of fewer flowers per plant than under long days (LD), produce more pods (Wynne et al., 1973; Wynne and Emery, 1974; Ketring, 1979) due to increased reproductive efficiency and rate of development (Emery et al., 1981; Emery, 1983). Traits affected photoperiod include number of pegs, peg growth, number of pods, pod weight, and seed weight. These traits and their rates of development are altered by greater

Molecular breeding of groundnut for enhanced productivity and food security in the semi- arid tropics: opportunities and challenges

“…The breeding environment under which selection is conducted among segregating populations strongly influences the yield adaptability of the selected groundnut genotypes (Branch and Hildebrand, 1989). Genotypes with large seeds and/or resistance to pests and diseases are, in general, sensitive to photoperiod whereas early maturing types are least affected by variation in photoperiod (Flohr et al, 1990;Nigam et al, 1997). Groundnut is grown on a wide range of soils, and strong soil type X genotype interaction suggests specific varietal adaptation for soil types (Nageswara .…”

“…Additive, non-additive, and epistatic genetic effects are reported for early maturity, pod yield, pods and seeds per plant, pod length and width, seed length and width, shelling outturn, and sound mature seeds (Parker et al, 1970;Wynne et al, 1970;1975;Garet, 1976;Sandhu and Khera, 1976;Gibori et al, 1978;Isleib et al, 1978;Layrisse et al, 1980;Sangha and Labana, 1982;Arunachalam et al, 1985;Swe and Branch, 1986;Dwivedi et al, 1989;. Response to photoperiod is controlled by additive gene action in some crosses and partial dominance to dominance in others (Nigam et al, 1997). However, some agronomically important traits have been reported to have a simple genetic basis.…”

Deep sequencing analysis of the transcriptomes of peanut aerial and subterranean young pods identifies candidate genes related to early embryo abortion

“…It is not surprising that light and dark are also involved in the pod development. Their effects on the cessation and reactivation of embryo and pod development have been well characterized (Zamski and Ziv, ; Stalker and Wynne, ; Thompson et al ., ; Shlamovitz et al ., ; Nigam et al ., ). Light was found to promote peg elongation and to inhibit pod formation (Shlamovitz et al ., ).…”

Comparative transcriptome analysis of aerial and subterranean pods development provides insights into seed abortion in peanut

“…For instance, several plant hormones have long been known to play a significant role in peanut gynophore elongation and embryo differentiation, such as auxin (Jacobs 1951 ; Moctezuma and Feldman 1996 ), the ration of NAA and kinetin (Ziv and Zamskj 1975 ), ABA (Ziv and Kahana 1988 ), ethylene (Shlamovitz et al 1995 ). In addition, mechanical stimulus and alternation of light and dark conditions also controlled the cessation of embryo differentiation during peg elongation phase, and the resumption of embryo development following quiescence in underground phase (Zamski and Ziv 1976 ; Stalker and Wynne 1983 ; Thompson et al 1985 ; Shlamovitz et al 1995 ; Nigam et al 1997 ). At present, despite a comprehensive understanding of physiological and environmental factors that influence seed and pod development, isolation and characterization of candidate genes is of vital importance for improving peanut seed quality and yield.…”