Combining different assays and chemical analysis to characterize the genotoxicity of waters impacted by textile discharges

Abstract

Waters receiving textile discharges can exhibit genotoxic and mutagenic activity, which has been related to the presence of dyes and aromatic amines as synthesis precursors or byproducts. The aim of this study was to identify dyes and aromatic amines in water samples impacted by textile discharges, and to evaluate the genotoxic responses of these samples using the Salmonella/microsome assay in strains TA98 and YG1041, and the Fpg-modified comet assay in the RTL-W1 fish cell line. The genotoxicity of river samples downstream of the discharge was greater than the upstream samples in both of the Ames tests. The Fpg-modified comet assay detected similar levels of DNA damage in the upstream and downstream samples. Mutagenicity was not detected with TA98, except for the Quilombo River samples, but when YG1041 was used as the tester strain mutagenicity was detected for all sites with a very different profile in upstream sites relative to the other sites. The mutagenic response strongly indicated that aromatic amines or dyes were contributing to the mutagenic activity downstream. The impact of textile discharges was also confirmed by chemical analysis, because the highest concentrations of azo dyes and aromatic amines were detected in the river downstream. This study shows the value of combining assays measuring complementary endpoints to better characterize the mutagenicity of environmental samples, with the advantage that this approach provides an indication of what classes of compounds are responsible for the effect. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:559-571, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In Vivo genotoxicity of a commercial C.I. Disperse Red 1 dye

“…In spite of being found at concentrations that may cause a risk to the aquatic environment, there is no standard worldwide water‐quality regulation policy for DR1 (Vacchi et al, ). Similarly, to the best of our knowledge, there are no data in the literature about the toxicogenomic effect of this dye on in vivo mammal somatic cells.…”

“…This study was first performed using concentrations based on the OECD () recommendation (protocol A). Subsequently, the experiments were conducted with concentrations similar to those found in Brazilian rivers (protocol B) (Zocolo et al, ; Vacchi et al, ; ).…”

“…After an acclimation period of 2 weeks, animals (30 ± 2 g) were treated according to one of the two experimental protocols: (A) Commercial Disperse Red 1 (DR1) at doses selected based on the maximum that produces little or no toxicity (OECD, ); (B) Commercial DR1 at maximal concentrations (0.5 μg/L); (C) detected in rivers where textile effluents are discharged. This protocol was conducted 1 year later, when data obtained by Zocolo et al (), Vacchi et al (), and Vacchi et al, () were published. To calculate an adult mouse exposure dose ( D ), we assumed a body weight (BW) of 0.03 kg, a water intake rate (IR) of 0.0035 L/day, and 1 day exposure (EF) using the formula: D = ( C × IR × EF)/BW (ATSDR, ).…”

Application of micro‐solid‐phase extraction for the on‐site extraction of heterocyclic aromatic amines in seawater

“…HAA are used as precursors in pharmaceuticals and dyes; it has been detected more frequently in surface and wastewater effluents samples . The International Agency for Research on Cancer considers the HAA as possible human carcinogens .…”

“…HAA are used as precursors in pharmaceuticals and dyes; it has been detected more frequently in surface and wastewater effluents samples [5]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer considers the HAA as possible human carcinogens [6,7]. Analysis of HAA is other challenging task, there are several chromatographic methods such as HPLC-UV [8], fluorometric detection [9], and GC-MS [10] have been used to separate various HAA.…”