Combining geomorphological mapping and near surface geophysics (GPR and ERT) to study piping systems

Bernatek‐Jakiel, Anita; Kondracka, Marta

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.018

Cited by 44 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Pipes become visible on the surface when a pipe roof collapses, and their cross‐sections may change along the longitudinal profile. Previous research revealed that the length of pipes may be 6.5–9.2%, and even almost 50% longer than that suggested by surface mapping (Holden and Burt, ; Bernatek‐Jakiel and Kondracka, ). The soil pipes are not truly linear features but quite sinuous (Smart and Wilson, ; Wilson et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…sinkholes and blind gullies, is subtracted from total length of the pipe within a particular piping system in order to avoid the duplication of soil loss in the pipe and in CPs. The mass of soil loss due to piping in the study area was calculated assuming the value of soil bulk density in the Bereźnica Wyżna catchment equal to 1.45 g cm À1 (Bernatek-Jakiel and Kondracka, 2016). The piping erosion rates were related to the plots and the catchment area.…”

Section: Soil Loss Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Piping dynamics in mid‐altitude mountains under a temperate climate: Bieszczady Mountains, eastern Carpathians

Bernatek‐Jakiel

Jakiel

Krzemień

2017

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Piping has been recognized as an important geomorphic, soil erosion and hydrologic process. It seems that it is far more widespread than it has often been supposed. However, our knowledge about piping dynamics and its quantification currently relies on a limited number of data for mainly loess‐derived areas and marl badlands. Therefore, this research aimed to recognize piping dynamics in mid‐altitude mountains under a temperate climate, where piping occurs in Cambisols, not previously considered as piping‐prone soils. It has been expressed by the estimation of erosion rates due to piping and elongation of pipes in the Bereźnica Wyżna catchment in the Bieszczady Mountains, eastern Carpathians (305 ha, 188 collapsed pipes). The research was based on the monitoring of selected piping systems (1971–1974, 2013–2016). Changes in soil loss vary significantly between different years (up to 27.36 t ha−1 yr−1), as well as between the mean short‐term erosion rate (up to 13.10 t ha−1 yr−1), and the long‐term (45 years) mean of 1.34 t ha−1 yr−1. The elongation of pipes also differs, from no changes to 36 m during one year. The mean total soil loss is 48.8 t ha−1 in plots, whereas in the whole studied catchment it is 2.0 t ha−1. Hence, piping is both spatially and temporally dependent. The magnitude of piping in the study area is at least three orders of magnitude higher than surface erosion rates (i.e. sheet and rill erosion) under similar land use (grasslands), and it is comparable to the magnitude of surface soil erosion on arable lands. It means that piping constitutes a significant environmental problem and, wherever it occurs, it is an important, or even the main, sediment source. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Loss Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piping dynamics in mid‐altitude mountains under a temperate climate: Bieszczady Mountains, eastern Carpathians

Bernatek‐Jakiel

Jakiel

Krzemień

2017

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…However, this method cannot provide complete information on the subsurface pipe network, its extension, lateral and vertical changes of a pipe size, length, and tortuosity. The mapping of PCs may lead to the underestimation of network density up to 50%, which was already reported in blanket peats in the Pennine Hills, UK [7] and in mid-altitude mountains in the Carpathians, Poland [8]. So far, research on soil pipes has presented only limited information on their morphometry and morphology, most often providing only a pipe diameter [5,6,9,10], although Terajima et al [11] found that the morphology of soil pipes can change rapidly over very short distances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Among these methods, GPR has received the most attention, even though it seems that the potential of this method has not yet been fully exploited. Most reports have presented the preliminary results of GPR application in the detection of soil pipes [7,8,20], including only short conference abstracts [18,19]. On one occasion GPR was used to establish hydrological connectivity between pipes through the use of a tracer solution [21] and to estimate the pipe length [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Soil Pipes Using Ground Penetrating Radar

Bernatek‐Jakiel

Kondracka

2019

Remote Sensing

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Soil piping leads to land degradation in almost all morphoclimatic regions. However, the detection of soil pipes is still a methodological challenge. Therefore, this study aims at testing ground penetrating radar (GPR) to identify soil pipes and to present the complexity of soil pipe networks. The GPR surveys were conducted at three sites in the Bieszczady Mountains (SE Poland), where pipes develop in Cambisols. In total, 36 GPR profiles longitudinal and transverse to piping systems were made and used to provide spatial visualization of pipe networks. Soil pipes were identified as reflection hyperbolas on radargrams, which were verified with the surface indicators of piping, i.e., sagging of the ground and the occurrence of pipe roof collapses. Antennas of 500 MHz and 800 MHz were tested, which made possible the penetration of the subsurface up to 3.2 m and 2 m, respectively. Concerning ground properties, antenna frequencies and processing techniques, there was a potential possibility to detect pipes with a minimum diameter of 3.5 cm (using the antenna of lower frequency), and 2.2 cm (with the antenna of higher frequency). The results have proved that soil pipes meander horizontally and vertically and their networks become more complicated and extensive down the slope. GPR is a useful method to detect soil pipes, although it requires field verification and the proper selection of antenna frequency.

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“…The results demonstrate that the proposed acoustic-based approach can effectively classify the blockage and damage conditions of siphons, and the recognition accuracy of the proposed method is higher than 94.4%. Therefore, this research has value for engineering applications.Recently, a series of methods have been developed for blockage or leakage detection in pipes, such as piezoelectric ultrasonic sensors technology [5], eddy current probes [6], closed-circuit television (CCTV) [7], sewer scanner evaluation technology (SSET) [8], and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) [9,10]. Piezoelectric ultrasonic sensors can detect minimal defects, and they have the advantages of being portable, non-polluting, and highly accurate for pipeline damage detection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Condition Classification of Water-Filled Underground Siphon Using Acoustic Sensors

Zhu

Huang

Feng

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Siphons have been widely used in water supply systems and sewage networks. However, it is difficult to implement non-destructive testing due to structural complexity and limited accessibility. In this paper, a novel condition classification method for water-filled underground siphons is proposed, which uses the acoustic signals received from acoustic sensors installed in the siphon. The proposed method has the advantages of simpler operation, lower cost, and higher detection efficiency. The acoustic wave forms in the siphons reflect on the system characteristics. Seven typical conditions of a water-filled underground siphon were investigated, and a series of experiments were conducted. Acoustic signals were recorded and transformed into acoustic pressure responses for further analysis. The variational mode decomposition (VMD) and the acoustic energy flow density were used for signal processing and feature extraction. The acoustic energy flux density eigenvectors were input to three different classifiers to classify the siphon conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed acoustic-based approach can effectively classify the blockage and damage conditions of siphons, and the recognition accuracy of the proposed method is higher than 94.4%. Therefore, this research has value for engineering applications.Recently, a series of methods have been developed for blockage or leakage detection in pipes, such as piezoelectric ultrasonic sensors technology [5], eddy current probes [6], closed-circuit television (CCTV) [7], sewer scanner evaluation technology (SSET) [8], and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) [9,10]. Piezoelectric ultrasonic sensors can detect minimal defects, and they have the advantages of being portable, non-polluting, and highly accurate for pipeline damage detection. However, piezoelectric ultrasonic testing is relatively difficult, tedious, and expensive, and its use is limited by the operating frequency. Eddy current probe detection has several limitations, and it can only be used to detect the surface or near-surface defects in magnetic or non-magnetic conductive siphons. In CCTV and SSET, the camera is installed on a mobile robot, which passes through the siphon to obtain the video data. The images can be used to manually or automatically evaluate the health or structure of siphons. Nevertheless, the detection is expensive and limited to relatively small portions of the sewer system.In contrast, acoustic detection is a non-destructive testing method with the advantages of simple implementation, low cost and high detection efficiency. The detection results do not depend on the subjectivity of the inspectors. Acoustic detection is suitable for inspecting pipes with different shapes (straight, curved, and siphon) and fluids of different densities (low, medium, and high). The changes in acoustic wave forms are related to the system characteristics (such as blockage and leakage) [11,12]. According to recent study results, the detection methods can detect sewer blockages and leakages based on acoustic s...

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Combining geomorphological mapping and near surface geophysics (GPR and ERT) to study piping systems

Cited by 44 publications

References 65 publications

Piping dynamics in mid‐altitude mountains under a temperate climate: Bieszczady Mountains, eastern Carpathians

Piping dynamics in mid‐altitude mountains under a temperate climate: Bieszczady Mountains, eastern Carpathians

Detection of Soil Pipes Using Ground Penetrating Radar

Condition Classification of Water-Filled Underground Siphon Using Acoustic Sensors

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