Combustion and fire retardance in polymeric materials

Camino, Giovanni; Luda, M. P.; Costa, Luigi

doi:10.1051/jp4:19937240

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The effect of charring may be further enhanced if an expanded charred layer is formed; this is the so-called intumescence phenomenon. In an intumescent fire retardant formulation (IFR), a gas acting as blowing agent is simultaneously released with the charring process [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

Luda

Zanetti

2019

Polymers

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Polymers are intrinsically flammable materials; hence, fire retardance (FR) is required in their most common applications (i.e., electronic and construction, to mention some). Recently, it has been reported that cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin derivatives are beginning to be introduced into Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) formulations in place of pentaerythritol, which is used in IFRs that are currently on the market. Since IFRs are of less environmental concern than their hazardous halogen containing counterparts, the use of natural origin compounds in IFRs provides a way to comply with green chemistry issues. BCD and BCD derivatives presence in IFR mixtures promotes a higher yield of blowing gases and char when polymeric materials undergo combustion. Both processes play important roles in intumescence. The key rule to obtain in insulating compact char is the good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, which can be achieved by functionalizing nanoparticles with BCD derivatives. Moreover, CD derivatives are attractive because of their nanosized structure and their ability to form inclusion complexes with many compounds used as FR components, reducing their release to the environment during their shelf life of FR items. Often, fire retardance performed by BCD and BCD derivatives accompanies other relevant properties, such as improved mechanical resistance, washability resistance, self healing ability, thermal conductivity, etc. The application of CD fire retardant additives in many polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), linear low density poly(ethylene), polyamides, and polyesters are comprehensively reviewed here.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

Luda

Zanetti

2019

Polymers

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“…Conventional FR DMPP increased smoke release from burring material [17]. Fire retardancy mechanism of DMPP is the production of protective char layer over burning material as for most phosphorous FRs [30].…”

Section: Flame Protection Of Rigid Pu Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PU foams can be rendered fireproof by introducing additive FR [14], reactive FR based on halogen and phosphorus polyols [15] or cyclotrimerization of NCO-groups obtaining isocyanurate rings [16]. On the other hand, conventional FR containing halogens cause the development of very dense and toxic smokes [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation Protected with Mineral Intumescent Mat

Kirpļuks

Cābulis

Zeltiņš

et al. 2014

Autex Research Journal

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One of the biggest disadvantages of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams is its low thermal resistance, high flammability and high smoke production. Greatest advantage of this thermal insulation material is its low thermal conductivity (λ), which at 18-28 mW/(m•K) is superior to other materials. To lower the flammability of PU foams, different flame retardants (FR) are used. Usually, industrially viable are halogenated liquid FRs but recent trends in EU regulations show that they are not desirable any more. Main concern is toxicity of smoke and health hazard form volatiles in PU foam materials. Development of intumescent passive fire protection for foam materials would answer problems with flammability without using halogenated FRs. It is possible to add expandable graphite (EG) into PU foam structure but this increases the thermal conductivity greatly. Thus, the main advantage of PU foam is lost. To decrease the flammability of PU foams, three different contents 3%; 9% and 15% of EG were added to PU foam formulation. Sample with 15% of EG increased λ of PU foam from 24.0 to 30.0 mW/(m•K). This paper describes the study where PU foam developed from renewable resources is protected with thermally expandable intumescent mat from Technical Fibre Products Ltd. (TFP) as an alternative to EG added into PU material. TFP produces range of mineral fibre mats with EG that produce passive fire barrier. Two type mats were used to develop sandwich-type PU foams. Also, synergy effect of non-halogenated FR, dimethyl propyl phosphate and EG was studied. Flammability of developed materials was assessed using Cone Calorimeter equipment. Density, thermal conductivity, compression strength and modulus of elasticity were tested for developed PU foams. PU foam morphology was assessed from scanning electron microscopy images.

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“…The combination of phosphorus groups with different chemical environments within one compound is a promising approach for an efficient flame retardant mechanism in gas and condensed phase, especially for composite materials due to the need of efficiency in both phases. [12][13][14][15][16] From a synthetic point of view, the Staudinger reaction could achieve a facile and fast routine to access nitrogen-containing compounds with phosphorus in different environments to enable the previous mentioned efficient mode of action in gas and condensed phase. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Various azides including carbonyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl azides have been employed in this reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of novel bisphosphorylimides based on Staudinger reaction

Döring¹,

Weber²,

Weinert³

et al. 2020

Arkivoc

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A series of bisphosphorylimides based on the reaction sequence of Atherton-Todd and Staudinger reaction were synthesized. These bisphosphorylimides containing phosphorus in different chemical environments, while the reaction sequence is using mild conditions and moreover can be synthesized in an one-pot procedure. The molecular structures were revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The stability of the bisphosphorylimides against hydrolysis and thermal influences was tested which allows an initial estimation about the usage as flame retardant.

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Combustion and fire retardance in polymeric materials

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation Protected with Mineral Intumescent Mat

Synthesis of novel bisphosphorylimides based on Staudinger reaction

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