Combustion-Based Transportation in a Carbon-Constrained World—A Review

Abstract

The transportation sector accounts for around a quarter of global CO 2 emissions and is powered predominantly by fossil-derived fuels. The regulatory framework is evolving globally to more stringent requirements for fuel efficiency and CO 2 emissions, forcing the OEMs to adopt advanced powertrain technologies. Such changes are more evident in the light-duty road transportation sector compared to the heavy-duty road, marine and air transportation sectors. Here, a holistic review of the current and prospective regulations targeted at curbing transportationbased CO 2 emissions is presented. For road transport, these include various government-and state-level policy initiatives such as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and CO 2 emission standards and the zero emission mandates. For marine and aviation sectors, these include the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations and aspirations targeted at reducing the CO 2 footprint. The compliance options for these regulations are evaluated using a combination of fuels, engines, and hybridization in each transportation sector. Furthermore, a brief overview of how OEMs are working toward achieving these targets is presented. An overview of several advanced spark and compression ignition engine technologies with the potential to improve the fuel economy and CO 2 emissions is presented. Finally, an overview of major disruptions that are changing the road-based transportation is presented and a balanced life cycle based policy approach is advocated.

Assessing the Carbon Footprint and Carbon Mitigation Measures of a Major Full-Service Network Airline: A Case Study of Singapore Airlines

“…Both the pilot and first phases are voluntary. The second phase of the program is targeted at the 2027 to 2035 time period (Javed et al, 2019). Following the pilot and first phase, a second mandatory scheme will enter in effect for all ICAO Member States, except for some least developed countries (Scott &Trimarchi, 2020).…”

Qualidade de Combustíveis e as Novas Políticas Ambientais

“…O desenvolvimento dos primeiros motores a combustão interna foi impulsionado pela Revolução Industrial, evento mundial histórico iniciado na Inglaterra na segunda metade do século XVIII, que culminou em mudanças no setor industrial com mecanização de processos e aplicação de máquinas a vapor em substituição de mão-de-obra humana e tração animal. Anos depois, em 1866 o engenheiro e inventor alemão Nikolaus August Otto (1832-1891) criou o primeiro motor a combustão interna de quatro tempos, estabelecendo um sistema termodinâmico conhecido até os dias atuais como motor ciclo Otto 22,23 . Passando-se algumas décadas o engenheiro alemão Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) obteve a patente do primeiro motor a combustão interna de autoignição por compressão, conhecido atualmente como motor ciclo diesel 24 .…”

Assessing the Carbon Footprint of a Dedicated All-Cargo Airline: The Case of Cargolux International Airlines

“…Both the pilot and first phases are voluntary. The second phase of the program is targeted at the 2027 to 2035 time-period (Javed et al, 2019). Following the pilot and first phase, a second mandatory scheme will enter in effect for all ICAO member states, except for some least developed countries (Scott & Trimarchi, 2020).…”