Combustion behavior and physico-chemical properties of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50)

DFT Study of the Decomposition Pathways of 5,5'-bitetrazole-1,1'-diide as a Parent Anion in the Family of Highly Energetic Green Explosives

“…The recent experimental studies, however, have shown that TKX-50 is close to RDX not only in terms of its sensitivity to impact but also in terms of other explosive parameters [6,7]. For example, the solid-state enthalpy of formation ( DH 0 298 ) of TKX-50 based on the measurements of enthalpy of combustion equals 113.97 ± 2.86 kJ mol -1 [6,7], whereas the calculated values using of the atomization method CBS-4М equals to 446.6 kJ mol -1 [3].…”

“…In addition, the impact sensitivity of TKX-50 can be decreased by addition of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polychlorotrifluoroe-thylene (PCTFE), forming the polymer-bonded explosives [4], or by cocrystallization with hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) [5]. The recent experimental studies, however, have shown that TKX-50 is close to RDX not only in terms of its sensitivity to impact but also in terms of other explosive parameters [6,7]. For example, the solid-state enthalpy of formation ( DH 0 298 ) of TKX-50 based on the measurements of enthalpy of combustion equals 113.97 ± 2.86 kJ mol -1 [6,7], whereas the calculated values using of the atomization method CBS-4М equals to 446.6 kJ mol -1 [3].…”

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of High Explosive Materials

“…Condensation of glyoxal with hydroxylamine hydrochloride affords glyoxime (43), which is converted to dichlorglyoxime (44) in the presence of chlorine gas in ethanol at cold temperatures. A well-known TNT-based formulation, which commonly finds use in 60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm and numerous submunitions is the composition B (aka Comp B) formulation.…”

“…Condensation of glyoxal with hydroxylamine hydrochloride affords glyoxime (43), which is converted to dichlorglyoxime (44) in the presence of chlorine gas in ethanol at cold temperatures.…”

“…Condensation of glyoxal with hydroxylamine hydrochloride affords glyoxime (43), which is converted to dichlorglyoxime (44) in the presence of chlorine gas in ethanol at cold temperatures. Treatment of (44) with sodium azide produces the highly sensitive diazidoglyoxime intermediate (45), which is treated with HCl under anhydrous conditions to effect cyclization, thus yielding bis-adjacent tetrazole (46).…”