Combustion Characteristics of Hydrogen - Carbon Monoxide Based Gaseous Fuels

Abstract

An experimental rig program has been conducted with the objective of evaluating the combustion performance of a family of fuel gases based on a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These gases, in addition to being members of a family, were also representative of those secondary fuels that could be produced from coal by various gasification schemes. In particular, simulated Winkler, Lurgi, and Blue-water low and medium energy content gases were used as fuels in the experimental combustor rig. The combustor used was originally designed as a low NOx rich-lean system for burning liquid fuels with high bound nitrogen levels. When used with the above gaseous fuels this combustor was operated in a lean-lean mode with ultra long residence times. The Blue-';water gas was also operated in a rich-lean mode. The results of these tests indicate the possibility of the existence of an "optimum" Las turbine hydrogen -carbon monoxide based secondary fuel. Such a fuel would exhibit low NOx and high efficiency over the entire engine operating range. It would also have sufficient stability range to allow normal light-off and engine acceleration. Solar Turbines Incorporated would like to emphasize that the results presented here have been obtained with experimental rig combustors. The technologies generated could, however, be utilized in future commercial gas turbines.

Developments of Gas Turbine Combustors for Air-Blown and Oxygen-Blown IGCC

“…Dixon- Lewis and Williams (1969), expounded on the oxidation characteristics of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in 1969. The body of research into the basic combustion characteristics of gasified fuel includes studies on the flammability limits of mixed gas, consisting of CH 4 or H 2 diluted with N 2 , Ar or He (Ishizuka & Tsuji, 1980); a review of the flammability and explosion limits of H 2 and H 2 /CO fuels (Cohen, 1992); the impact of N 2 on burning velocity (Morgan & Kane, 1952); the effect of N 2 and CO 2 on flammability limits (Coward & Jones, 1952;Ishibasi et al, 1978); and the combustion characteristics of low calorific fuel (Folsom, 1980;Drake, 1984); studies by Merryman et al (1997), on NOx formation in CO flame; studies by Miller et al (1984), on the conversion characteristics of HCN in H 2 -O 2 -HCN-Ar flames; studies by Song et al (1980), on the effects of fuel-rich combustion on the conversion of the fixed nitrogen to N 2 ; studies by White et al (1983), on a rich-lean combustor for lowBtu and medium-Btu gaseous fuels; and research of the CRIEPI into fuel-NOx emission characteristics of low-calorific fuel, including NH 3 through experiments using a small diffusion burner and analyses based on reaction kinetics (Hasegawa et al, 2001). It is widely accepted that two-stage combustion, as typified by rich-lean combustion, is effective in reducing fuel-NOx emissions (Martin & Dederick, 1976;Yamagishi et al, 1974).…”

Gas Turbine Combustion and Ammonia Removal Technology of Gasified Fuels

“…The body of research into the basic combustion characteristics of gasified fuel includes studies on the flammability limits of mixed gas, consisting of CH 4 or H 2 diluted with N 2 , Ar or He [47]; a review of the flammability and explosion limits of H 2 and H 2 /CO fuels [48]; the impact of N 2 on burning velocity [49]; the effect of N 2 and CO 2 on flammability limits [50,51]; and the combustion characteristics of low calorific fuel [52,53]; studies by Merryman et al [54], on NOx formation in CO flame; studies by Miller et al [55], on the conversion characteristics of HCN in H 2 -O 2 -HCN-Ar flames; studies by Song et al [56], on the effects of fuel-rich combustion on the conversion of the fixed nitrogen to N 2 ; studies by White et al [57], on a rich-lean combustor for low-Btu and medium-Btu gaseous fuels; and research of the CRIEPI into fuel-NOx emission characteristics of low-calorific fuel, including NH 3 through experiments using a small diffusion burner and analyses based on reaction kinetics [58][59][60][61]. It is widely accepted that two-stage combustion, as typified by rich-lean combustion, is effective in reducing fuel-NOx emissions [62,63].…”

Prediction Methodology of Fuel-NOx Emissions in Gasified Fuels’ Combustion

“…There have been a huge number of researches about the combustion characteristics of gasified fuels (Morgan and Kane, 1962), (Coward and Jones, 1971), (Yamagishi et al, 1974), (Martin and Dederick, 1977), (Ishibasi et al, 1978), (Folsom et al, 1980), (Ishizuka and Tsuji, 1981), (White et al, 1983), (Drake et al, 1984), (D bbeling et al, 1996), (Zanello and Tasselli, 1996) and combustors (Pillsbury et al, 1976), (Battista and Farrell, 1979), (Clark et al, 1982), (Beebe et al, 1982), (D bbeling et al, 1994), (Cook et al, 1994). Earlier studies by author et al (for example, 1998a, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007b) have suggested advantages of the reducing combustion to reduce both fuel-NOx emissions and thermal-NOx emissions in gasified fueled combustion through experiments and analyses.…”