Combustion of NH4NO3 and carbon based mixtures

Hussain, Ghulam; Rees, Gwilym J.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(93)90003-k

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is important to appreciate that AN + fuel reactions begin at temperatures below the melting point (169.6°C) of AN. Hussain and Rees obtained DSC results for AN + charcoal and saw a strong exothermic peak at 185°C, in an area where pure AN shows no exothermic peaks. But lower‐rate exothermic reactions were seen as low as 140°C.…”

Section: Reactions Involving Additional Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

Babrauskas

Leggett²

2019

Fire and Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The thermal decomposition reactions of ammonium nitrate (AN) are reviewed. Both neat AN and AN containing various contaminants are examined, however quantitative kinetics results are not encompassed. Also not included is the performance of AN as the oxidizer in rocket propellants or in explosives such as ANFO. The review is intended to be the most comprehensive review of decomposition reactions of AN since Berthelot's treatise of 1892. Despite hundreds of papers on the topic that have appeared in the intervening years, understanding of decomposition mechanisms remains only modestly more complete than it was in Berthelot's day. However, some additional reaction steps and mechanisms have been identified and these are discussed. Explosions of AN most commonly involve fire as the proximate cause, yet chemical-mechanism research on the topic is nil. A modest number of studies have explored the potentiation of AN decomposition by organic contaminants. These have, thus far, not produced guidance useful for promoting of safety from fire-related causes. Contamination from inorganic sources, notably chlorides is better understood and some mechanisms have been studied. The UN classification of AN as an oxidizer, instead of as an explosive, should not be interpreted literally, since AN has been associated with numerous detonation disasters. K E Y W O R D Sammonium nitrate,

show abstract

Section: Reactions Involving Additional Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

Babrauskas

Leggett²

2019

Fire and Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It must be emphasized that the reactions between AN and fuel may occur at temperatures lower than the melting point of AN (169.6 • C). Hussain and Rees [18] indicated the presence of a distinct and exothermic peak at 185 • C for the mixture of AN and charcoal. For comparison, in the case of pure AN, no exothermic peaks were found at the same temperature other than at 140 • C. Lurie and Chang [19] indicated that the introduction of carbon black into AN resulted in the lowering of AN decomposition temperature to 70 • C. The process can be described by (Equation (11)), in which HNO 3 decomposition is crucial:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gunawan and Zhang noticed that the presence of pyrite in ANFOs chemical composition additionally catalyzes the decomposition reaction of an explosive [10]. The influence of the flammable component on the blasting properties of ANFO has also been studied [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. In the conducted research, the combustible components were coal dust, sugar in the powdered and crystalline forms, aluminum dust, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and fuel oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Investigation of Microstructured Charcoal as an ANFO Blasting Enhancer

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, we examined the influence of microstructured charcoal (MC) when added to ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) samples. We performed a study that investigated ANFOs structure, crystallinity, and morphology by utilizing infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. MC characteristics were probed by Raman spectroscopy and SEM analysis. SEM analysis indicated how fuel oil (FO) covered ammonium nitrate prill. Moreover, the surface of the MC was covered by specific microfibers and microtubes. The disordered graphitic structure of the MC was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Simulation of blasting properties revealed that the addition of MC should decrease blasting parameters like heat explosion, detonation pressure, and detonation temperature. However, the obtained differences are negligible in comparison with the regular ANFO. All analyses indicated that MC was a good candidate as an additive to ANFO.

show abstract