Combustion Products from Burning Polyethylene

Hodgkin, J. H.; Galbraith, M. N.; Chong, Y. K.

doi:10.1080/00222338208056463

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As all the C-C bonds in polyethylenes are of the same strength (except those in the terminal positions or at the sites where branching occurs), polyethylenes decompose mostly by a random-chain scission type mechanism 19 10,19 8 10,18,19,24,26 6,lO 20, 21 6,8,9,10,16 20,21 21 21 21 11.20 20 6,7 6,lO 4,5,6,7.10, 17 4,6,10 5,7.9,10, 17 5.17 5.17 10 10 10 6, 8,9,10,14,15,17, 24.26,30,32,33,34, 47,53,54,55 8,9,13,14.15,17.24, 26,30,32,33,34,39, 40,44,45,47,51 52, 53,54,55,56,57,58 21 10 6.9 6 10 6 6,7 6,7,10 9 9 10 9,lO 9 9 6 6 6,lO 6 4.5,7,9,10,16,17, 19,47 10 5,7,8,9,16,17,39, 40,44,45,47 53,55, 56,58 10 5 5 5,9 9 10 6 21 10 10,19 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 21 5 5 9 5,9 21 5 10 5 21 10 9 6 6,7,9, 10 6,7,9,10 6 6 9 6 6,7,9,10 20 6,7,9,10 6 6 6 4 5, 9 5,9 6,lO 4,5,6,7,9,10,17 10 4,6,9 5,7.10,17 5 22 4 4,5,7,9,10,17,19 10 6,10,14,19 10. 18 4,5,6,7,9,10, 16,17,19 20,21 6 6 6 10 6.19 6 6 6 9 9 10 9 9 21 6 6 6.10 10 9,lO involving free-radical (k) reactions.…”

Section: Thermal Decompositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes

Paabo

Levin

1987

Fire and Materials

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The literature on polyethylenes has been reviewed with an emphasis on the identification of gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. The analytical chemical studies of the thermal decomposition products generated under vacuum, inert and oxidative experimental conditions are described. In oxidative atmosphere, which most closely simulate real fire conditions, carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be the predominant toxicant. Acrolein was another toxicant often noted in these reviewed studies. More acrolein was generated under non‐flaming than under flaming conditions. Results from seven different test procedures were considered in assessing the acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products from various polyethylene formulations. The combustion products generated from the polyethylenes studied in the non‐flaming mode appeared to be slightly more toxic than those produced in the flaming mode. In the non‐flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 5 to 75 mg l−1. In the flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 31 to 51 mg l−1. The toxicity of the degradation products of polyethylenes appears to be similar to that found for other common materials designed for the same end uses.

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Section: Thermal Decompositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes

Paabo

Levin

1987

Fire and Materials

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“…A significant aspect for improving the safety of polymer materials’ usage is the reduction in toxic gas emission during their decomposition. There are a number of literature reports concerning the analysis of products evolved in the combustion and pyrolysis of polymers, including PE investigated in this work . In general, the pyrolytic decomposition of polyethylene at low temperatures led to the formation of high yields of carbon oxides and light hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability, fire behavior, and fumes emission of polyethylene nanocomposites with halogen‐free fire retardants

et al. 2017

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The synergism between nanoparticles and different kinds of halogen-free fire retardants leading to reduction in flammability and smoke generation of polyethylene was investigated. The composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, oxygen index test, cone calorimeter measurements, and a single-chamber test. Moreover, the semivolatile and volatile compounds evolved in the thermal degradation processes of polyethylene were determined using a steady state tube furnace and gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. Morphological and structural characteristics as well as thermomechanical properties of the composites were characterized using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The obtained data were compared to the results received for polyethylene and polymer with bromine-containing fire retardants. The incorporation of nanofillers and halogen-free fire retardants caused a reduction in combustibility as a consequence of the formation of char.Furthermore, the presence of nanoparticles has a beneficial effect on the inhibition of dripping. The polyethylene with carbon nanotubes, zinc borate, and aluminum hydroxide exhibited better combined properties of fire behavior and production of nontoxic smoke compared to the remaining composition and reference materials. K E Y W O R D Scombustibility, fire retardancy, nanocomposites, polyethylene, synergistic effects

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“…This may indicate that CB, a less costly and easier to handle additive than MWCNTs, may also be of technological interest for this application. Carrying this argument further, diesel engine generated soot (DS), which can be collected from the exhaust of diesel engines as a waste byproduct of their operation, or other combustion‐generated soots may be used as an even less costly, than CB, additive in some applications. Finally, it is noted that low‐cost MWCNTs can also be manufactured form pyrolysis or fuel‐rich combustion of waste polymer feedstocks, followed by chemical vapor deposition on catalytic substrates …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method to assess downward flame spread and dripping characteristics of fire‐retardant polymer composites

et al. 2017

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Summary A method is described to assess the flame retardancy of polyethylene composites by measuring both their downward flame spread rates as well as their combined melting and dripping rates on rectangular rods, ignited at their top. The composite materials were produced by mixing pulverized polymer with organic additives of differing particle sizes, shapes, and mass fractions. The resulting mix was melted in a mold, and then it was solidified into rods. The additives were carbonaceous solids with particle sizes spanning from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers. The mass fraction of the additives in the polymer matrix varied from 1 to 5 wt%. Upon ignition of the upper tips of the polymer composite rods, the downward flame spread rate and the melting and dripping rate were separately assessed by measuring their mass loss and their heights. The addition to polyethylene of finely sized carbonaceous additives at mass fractions of 4 to 5 wt% proved effective at significantly slowing down its downward flame spread by drastically hindering its dripping tendency. The effectiveness of the additives increased with increasing their mass fraction and decreasing their particle size. High mass fractions of carbon additives resulted in wicking, which can enhance radiatively the heat transfer.

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Combustion Products from Burning Polyethylene

Cited by 31 publications

References 6 publications

A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes

A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes

Thermal stability, fire behavior, and fumes emission of polyethylene nanocomposites with halogen‐free fire retardants

A method to assess downward flame spread and dripping characteristics of fire‐retardant polymer composites

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