Coming to Terms With Risk Factors for Eating Disorders: Application of Risk Terminology and Suggestions for a General Taxonomy.

Abstract

The aims of the present review are to apply a recent risk factor approach (H. C. Kraemer et al., 1997) to putative risk factors for eating disorders, to order these along a timeline, and to deduce general taxonomic questions. Putative risk factors were classified according to risk factor type, outcome (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, full vs. partial syndromes), and additional factor characteristics (specificity, potency, need for replication). Few of the putative risk factors were reported to precede the onset of the disorder. Many factors were general risk factors; only few differentiated between the 3 eating disorder syndromes. Common risk factors from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies were gender, ethnicity, early childhood eating and gastrointestinal problems, elevated weight and shape concerns, negative self-evaluation, sexual abuse and other adverse experiences, and general psychiatric morbidity. Suggestions are made for the conceptualization of future risk factor studies.

Effects of peer influence on dietary intake and physical activity in schoolchildren

“…Such dietary behaviour has been identified as a risk factor for eating disorders (48) . Furthermore, the observed decline in energy intake across age groups in boys only is an interesting new finding, which has previously been reported only for girls (49,50) during this life stage.…”

Are obsessive‐compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies

“…9 See Appendix A for a list of excluded RCT studies at this stage. No restrictions were made as to the age of participants, the number of participants in each RCT, the dropout/attrition rate, participant's initial Body Mass Index (BMI), the chronicity of illness within the population, the type of treatment or intervention received and the time to follow-up.…”

How perfectionism and ineffectiveness influence growth of eating disorder risk in young adolescent girls

“…Systematic reviews suggest that perfectionism is a risk factor for eating disorders (Bardone-Cone et al, 2007;Jacobi, Hayward, de Zwaan, Kraemer, & Agras, 2004;Shafran & Mansell, 2001;Stice, 2002;Egan, Wade, & Shafran, 2011). Factor analysis of the most common multidimensional perfectionism measures, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenbalate, 1990) and the Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (1991), distinguishes two higher-order factors: high personal standards, or the pursuit of high standards and goals; and self-critical evaluative concerns, involving critical self-evaluations and over-concern of others' expectations when high standards are not met (Bieling, Israeli, & Antony, 2004;Cox, Enns, & Clara, 2002).…”