Commensalism, Amensalism, and Synnecrosis

Veiga, José P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00189-x

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For B. pilosa itself, the presence of Bidens flies neither cause harm nor confers benefits. These interactions are classified as commensalism interactions [22,23].…”

Section: Association Between Bidens Flies and Bidens Pilosamentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollinator and host plant interaction: association between insect pollinators on Ficus deltoidea Jack Plants. (Moraceae) and Bidens pilosa linn. (Asteraceae)

Melanie,

Monica,

Subahar

2024

E3S Web Conf.

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This study aims to explore the association between Fig wasp (Hymenoptera) and Ficus deltoidea (Moraceae), as well as Bidens flies (Diptera) with Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae). A survey method was used to observe the fruiting and flowering stages of F. deltoidea and B. pilosa, collecting samples daily to track pollinator emergence. The frequency of emerging pollinators was calculated and their sex ratio was determined. The data analysis was carried out descriptively. Ficus provides a place and protection for the eggs of wasps to hatch and develop into larvae to imago, which naturally within Ficus fruits. The female wasps role as a pollinator for the Ficus flower. This interaction is known as mutualistic symbiosis. Bidens flies lay eggs in the floret discs of B. pilosa after the pollination stage. The sex ratio of emerging bidens flies is male(♂) : female(♀) = 1:1. The interaction between Bidens flies and B. pilosa is an example of commensalism interaction, where B. pilosa benefits Bidens flies without being affected itself. The associations between Ficus–Fig wasps and Bidens flies–B. pilosa are specific to open ecosystems. The interdependence of these insects with their host plants serves as a strategic approach for ensuring successful reproduction and survival.

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“…For B. pilosa itself, the presence of Bidens flies neither cause harm nor confers benefits. These interactions are classified as commensalism interactions [22,23].…”

Section: Association Between Bidens Flies and Bidens Pilosamentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollinator and host plant interaction: association between insect pollinators on Ficus deltoidea Jack Plants. (Moraceae) and Bidens pilosa linn. (Asteraceae)

Melanie,

Monica,

Subahar

2024

E3S Web Conf.

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“…Network ecology focuses on how species interact with resources and other species in a given community (Eklöf & Allesina, 2017). These interactions can have implications to each species involved, as they can be positive, e.g., pollination and seed dispersal (Correia et al., 2017; Donatti et al., 2011), negative, e.g., parasitic (Sfair et al., 2018), and also they can benefit one partner while not affecting the other (Veiga, 2016). This latter type of association is called commensalism and includes metabiosis, which is an interaction where only one of the interacting species is living and subject to adaptation (Veiga, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric traits as drivers for module structures and species specialization: a study about the hermit crab–gastropod networks from three different regions on the Brazilian coast

et al. 2021

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The relationship between hermit crabs (Paguroidea) and gastropod shells has attracted the attention of researchers toward a network approach. These networks seem to present recurrent patterns that are often modular, i.e., a pattern in which the network can be divided into compartments that represent species interacting more with species belonging to its own compartment than with species composing another compartment. A modular interaction network occurs when species tend to interact more intensively within subsets of species (modules) than with species outside of it. Since modularity is a characteristic in which different hermit crabs interact with different sub‐sets of shells, we proposed that these patterns should be a reflection of different morphometric traits, as well as that species specialization (measure which indicates if a given species is specialist or generalist in resource use) could be related to such traits. Three different hermit crab–shell networks in which the modularity and species specialization have already been determined were chosen. The animals were sampled in three different regions with the same sampling effort in the same type of substrate. After sampling, the animals were taken to the laboratory where they were identified and measured. A PERMANOVA was used for the hermit crab morphometric traits from each region using each compartment as grouping variable. In order to test if morphometric traits influence species specialization (d′), linear mixed models were created and selected through Akaike's Information Criterion. Our data show that hermit crabs presented different morphometric traits in each module they occupied. Also, d′ was influenced by morphometric traits; thus, hermit crabs with different sizes need different types of shells, which reflect in different specialization levels.

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“…This relationship between hermit crabs and shells are a specific type of commensalism known as metabiosis. In this type of association, only one of the interacting species is living and are subject to adaptation (Veiga 2016), this kind of interaction has rarely been the subject of community‐level network analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hermit crab–shell relationship through the lens of interaction networks: The use of network metrics and species role across communities

Silva

Rodrigues

Lima³

et al. 2020

Austral Ecology

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Hermit crabs are among the most unique crustaceans because they have a non-calcified pleon, and they often use empty gastropod shells for shelter and protection. The lack of an adequate shell impacts their growth, reproduction and other population features especially because the shell resource might not be found for the entire population or community. This study focuses on the relationship between hermit crabs and their shells using network metrics. We analysed the nestedness, modularity, network specialisation, species specialisation and species role in eight hermit crab communities from two different types of substrate (rock and soft bottom). Most of these communities had a modular and non-nested pattern. Some communities presented different specialisation levels in terms of resource use (generalist or specialist) with species showing different roles across communities. These patterns could be related to the intra-/interspecific competition mechanism and by the resource (shell) usage pattern in the different regions. According to species roles, some species characterised as connectors can be addressed as conservation targets. The network approach in hermit crab/shell relationship proved to be an important tool in assessing their interaction in a community level.

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Commensalism, Amensalism, and Synnecrosis

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Pollinator and host plant interaction: association between insect pollinators on Ficus deltoidea Jack Plants. (Moraceae) and Bidens pilosa linn. (Asteraceae)

Pollinator and host plant interaction: association between insect pollinators on Ficus deltoidea Jack Plants. (Moraceae) and Bidens pilosa linn. (Asteraceae)

Morphometric traits as drivers for module structures and species specialization: a study about the hermit crab–gastropod networks from three different regions on the Brazilian coast

The hermit crab–shell relationship through the lens of interaction networks: The use of network metrics and species role across communities

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