Comment Inducing Effect of Xylitol in Rats

Hosoya, Norimasa; Iitoyo, Noriko

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-46191-0_16

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Consequently, when sugar polyols are administered in relatively high doses, the ability of the small intestine to passively absorb the polyols is exceeded and they reach the large intestine producing an osmotic load which in turn can cause osmotic diarrhoea. Our observations confirm the findings of others in that the incidence, severity and duration of xylitoi-induced diarrhoea are related to the amount of xylitol in the diet and the manner in which it is introduced into the diet (Hosoya and Iitoyo, 1969;Makinen and Scheinin, 1975a;Forster, 1978). There is, of course, considerable individual variation with respect to the diarrhoea in both rats (our observations) and humans (Makinen and Scheinin.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…A number of enzyme activities were increased in the glucuronate-xylulose and pentose phosphate pathways, decreased in gluconeogenesis and unchanged for the aminotransferases. On the other hand, Hosoya and Iitoyo (1969) showed that when the xylitol content of the diet was increased gradually from 5 to 20% over 4 weeks then the activity of the NAD-linked cytoplasmic xylitol dehydrogenase only slowly doubled in the same period. Hepatic xylitol dehydrogenase activity was not altered in the feeding studies reported here (Table 1).…”

Section: The Effect Ofxylitol On the Caecal Contents Of Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, it is commonly assumed for at least two reasons that the microbia! flora of the gut play no role in the adaptation (Bassler, 1969;Hosoya and Iitoyo, 1969). Bassler (1969) has shown that adaptation can be achieved by parenteral xylitol application.…”

Section: The Effect Ofxylitol On the Caecal Contents Of Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some Biochemical Studies on the Adaptation Associated With Xylitol Ingestion in Rats

Ravi

James

Bais

et al. 1980

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Summary The mechanism of adaptation to dietary carbohydrates was investigated by examining cellular metabolism in the liver and gut lumen. The inclusion of 10% (w/w) glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, sorbitol, xylitol or arabitol in the diet of rats for 7 days had essentially no effect on the ability of liver homogenates to produce 14CO2 from labelled glucose, fructose, xylose, sorbitol or xylitol. Moreover, no major changes were observed in the activities of hepatic enzymes. In these studies, diarrhoea and caecal distension were only observed in those rats receiving dietary sugar alcohols. Rats were also fed 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20% (w/w) xylitol in their diets for periods ranging from 1 to 14 days. These diets caused no significant changes in 16 of the commonly assessed blood parameters which included liver function tests. Xylitol feeding, however, caused caecal distension, caecal gas production, decreases in the pH of caecal contents, the appearance of a fluffy layer in the centrifuged specimens of caecal contents, and diarrhoea. These changes were directly related to the concentration of xylitol in the caecal contents. After various periods, and depending on the concentration of xylitol in the diet, the rats underwent an adaptation which reduced the incidence of diarrhoea. In the short term, dietary xylitol does not affect the function of the liver or the gut wall, but causes an adaptation within the gut microflora. This adaptation leads to the increased ability of gut microflora to utilise xylitol, followed by a subsequent reduction in the caecal osmotic load and diarrhoea.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: The Effect Ofxylitol On the Caecal Contents Of Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some Biochemical Studies on the Adaptation Associated With Xylitol Ingestion in Rats

Ravi

James

Bais

et al. 1980

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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“…Indeed, the commercial value of xylitol as a dietary sweetener is enhanced by the inability of oral bacteria to produce acid, grow or adapt in its presence (Scheinin, 1978). By inference, it is commonly assumed that commensals elsewhere in the alimentary tract will also be unable to utilise xylitol (Bassler, 1969;Hosoya and Iitoyo, 1969;Makinen, 1978). Evidence is presented in this paper, however, to show that gut commensals do metabolise xylitol (Table !…”

Section: Dietary Xylitol and Microbial Composition Ofcaecalfloramentioning

confidence: 71%

“…This occurs through adaptation witbin the gut lumen, at the gut wall or in the cellular metabolism ofthe animal (Forster, 1978;Krishnan et al, 1980). The role ofthe microflora in the gut lumen in this adaptation process has been considered to be neglible because, firstly, the parenteral administration of xylitol can also produce the adaptation and, secondly, there is no evidence for acid production from xylitol by the microflora ofthe oral cavity (Bassler, 1969;Hosoya and Iitoyo, 1969;Scheinin, 1978). Indeed, in the two-year Turku sugar studies there was no evidence to sbow that xylitol feeding produced any induction or mutation in specific microflora or changes in the major microbial categories ofthe oral microflora (Scheinin, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Dietary Xylitol on the Ability of Rat Caecal Flora to Metabolise Xylitol

Ravi

Wilkinson

Joyce

et al. 1980

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Summary. The effect of dietary xyiitol on the ability ofthe rat caeca! flora lo metabolise xylitol was investigated. Xylitol metabolism in micro-organisms has generally been assessed in terms ofpH change and acid production wbich are often insensitive in demonstrating low rates ofsubstrate utilisation. Using a rapid and sensitive radioisotopic assay. in which '*COj production from lU-'^Cl xylitol was measured, it was possible to show that the caecal microflora obtained from rats can metabolise xylitol. This activity was increased 10, 15, 30 and 40-fold in the caecal flora taken from rats fed diets containing 2'5. 5. 10 and 20% xylitol, respectively.Using the caecal microflora of normally fed rats, the order of'•'COj production from '*C-iabelled sugars and sugar alcohols was glucose > fructose > xylose > sorbitol ? xylitol. The feeding of glucose and fructose did not alter tbe '^COj producing activities, whereas xylose feeding increased xylose metabolism, sorbitol feeding increased sorbitol and xylitol metabolism, xylitol feeding increased sorbitol, xylose and its own metabolism and arabitol feeding increased xylose and sorbitol metabolism. Marked changes were also observed in the population of the caecal flora of xylitol-fed rats, with increases in the number of gram-positive bacteria, compared to rats on a normal diet. Possible mechanisms for these effects involve mutation, selection of micro-organisms capable of metabolising sugar alcohols, and the induction of enzymes involved in sugar alcohol metabolism. INTRODUCTIONThere now exists considerable scientiftc and commercial pressure to introduce xylitoi into our diets in greater than normal quantities in order to reduce the incidence of dental caries, a major health problem in our society (Scheinin and Makinen, 1975;Makinen, 1978; Counsell, 1978). This is because the total or partial substitution of dietary sucrose by xylito] considerably reduced the incidence of dental caries in volunteers who participated in a two-year trial in Turku, Finland (Scheinin and Makinen, 1975).

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Incidence of Increased Numbers of Clostridium perfringens in the Intestinal Tract of Rats Fed Xylitol

Wekell

Hartman

Dong

1980

The Journal of Nutrition

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Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing up to 20% xylitol for 49 days. When the rats were fed a xylitol regimen intended to produce adaptation to xylitol, approximately half of the animals adapted to xylitol and remained free from diarrhea during the feeding regimen. The other half did not adapt to xylitol and developed severe and persistent diarrhea accompanied by large volumes of intestinal gas. These non-adapted rats had significantly higher levels of intestinal tract Clostridium perfringens (10(6)--10(11) organisms per gram intestinal contents) than did control rats fed a xylitol-free cornstarch diet (0-10(4) organisms per gram). Rats adapted to dietary xylitol did not have detectable levels of C. perfringens in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Comment Inducing Effect of Xylitol in Rats

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Some Biochemical Studies on the Adaptation Associated With Xylitol Ingestion in Rats

Some Biochemical Studies on the Adaptation Associated With Xylitol Ingestion in Rats

The Effect of Dietary Xylitol on the Ability of Rat Caecal Flora to Metabolise Xylitol

Incidence of Increased Numbers of Clostridium perfringens in the Intestinal Tract of Rats Fed Xylitol

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