COMMENT ON AN ARTICLE: “Homocysteine as a potential predictor of cardiovascular risk in patients with COVID-19“

Hypothesis: Neuroglia Activation Due to Increased Peripheral and CNS Proinflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines with Neuroinflammation May Result in Long COVID

“…It is commonly known that plasma concentrations of homocysteine are inversely related to plasma concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6, as well as to the intake of these vitamins [20,[55][56][57][58][59]. Further, it is now accepted that hyperhomocyteinemia (HHCY) has vasculotoxic effects as well as neurotoxic effects that are associated with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, pro-oxidation, as well as proatherogenic/prothrombotic effects [20,[55][56][57][58][59][60]. Elevations of Hcy or hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) plays an important role in the causation of oxidative stress with excess formation of reactive oxygen nitrogen species in the endothelium and in the central nervous system due to autoxidation of Hcy, formation of Hcy mixed disulfides, and interactions of Hcy thiolactones and protein homocysteinylation [20,[60][61][62][63].…”

“…These observations of HHCY and decreased vitamin B12, B9-folic acid, and other B vitamins emphasize the proper functioning of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) typified by the methionine-folate cycle and the transsulfuration pathway. Their essential effects on cognitive diseases are of great importance as they not only apply to acute COVID-19 but, even more importantly, to LC/PASC syndrome (Figure 12) [58][59][60][61][62][64][65][66][67].…”

Predicting COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients’ Outcome with Homocysteine

“…(Hcy), COVID-19 vulnerability, Predictor parameters, MTHFR gene, Biomarkers, MTHFR677C>T mutations In October 2020, we published 'Homocysteine as a potential predictor of cardiovascular risk in patients with COVID-19' [1]. Since then, recent scientific evidence from other authors [2][3][4][5][6], together with our own continuing research to include a larger cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients [7], has supported our original hypothesis, confirming that homocysteine (Hcy) is a predictive marker of COVID-19 outcome.…”

“…Hcy has been reported as a potential predictive biomarker for COVID-19 infection severity in many studies [1][2][3][4]. In a series of 273 Chinese hospitalized patients with mild COVID-19 disease, over 40 parameters were measured at admission.…”

Could homocysteine, angiotensin and alamandine be used as potential biomarkers in management of COVID-19?

“…Finally, they were encouraging other professionals on making future efforts, as well as investigations and discussions about this topic. 16 Very recent short communication published in dermatologic therapy journal explained that role of Hcy mediated trans-sulfuration pathway in COVID-19 infection. They proposed that vitamins (vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin B12) should be merged in the treatment regimen for corona virus infections to suppress complications, as the virus mediates altered host cell metabolism.…”