Comment on Hicham Bahi, et al. Effects of Urbanization and Seasonal Cycle on the Surface Urban Heat Island Patterns in the Coastal Growing Cities: A Case Study of Casablanca, Morocco. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 829

Abstract

A statement in this recently published paper makes a point that is largely at odds with the main point of the paper that is cited. Stating that higher air temperatures lead to greater evapotranspiration is an oversimplification; the true story is more complex. Although this is by no means central to the conclusions of the paper being commented on, we have demonstrated the danger in taking too literally the idea that air temperature determines potential evapotranspiration.Keywords: climate change; evapotranspiration; land-atmosphere interaction; surface energy budget CommentThanks to Bahi et al. [1] for their contribution to the knowledge of the urban heat island effect and for citing our paper [2]. However, their statement that accompanies the citation, "The presence of high air temperature in winter lead to soil moisture deficit . . . " is at odds with the main message of our paper. If someone were to ask, "Does higher air temperature cause higher evapotranspiration?" my answer would be that it is a factor, but is only a part of a more complex picture. As in the Priestley-Taylor formula [3], potential evapotranspiration (PET) is driven more fundamentally by net radiation flux at the surface, which in turn is strongly dependent on the time of year. Therefore, the true primary driver (net surface radiation associated with season) can be highly correlated with air temperature, with their strongest mode of variation (the annual cycle) in phase, yet air temperature and net surface radiation need to be regarded separately as drivers of evapotranspiration (ET).Our paper [2] and its recent follow-up [4] are focused on the ill effects of applying scenarios of climate change to a land hydrologic model built on the assumption that air temperature is a good proxy that can be used alone to predict PET. The Large Basin Runoff Model (LBRM) [5] has been used multiple times as part of a process for projecting levels of the Laurentian Great Lakes on the U.S.-Canadian border. Its scheme for calculating PET differs from most other schemes whose primary input file consists of air temperature data, such as that of Hamon [6], in that the others internally generate information relating to the time of year (such as hours of daylight) that complements air temperature as part of the equation to predict PET. In contrast, LBRM uses only air temperature as a predictor, not net radiation or anything explicitly seasonal. LBRM then calibrates nine model parameters, including one that directly determines the sensitivity of PET to air temperature.Because a temporal decomposition of the time series of ET and air temperature shows that these two quantities are highly correlated when only the mean annual cycle portion of the time series is selected, but poorly correlated when looking only at other modes of variability [2], the calibration is

Reply to Lofgren, B.M.: Comment on Hicham Bahi, et al. Effects of Urbanization and Seasonal Cycle on the Surface Urban Heat Island Patterns in the Coastal Growing Cities: ACase Study of Casablanca, Morocco. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 829

“…First, we would like to thank Lofgren [1] for his comments [2]. The aim of our research is to evaluate the effect and the impact of both urbanization and the season cycle on the variation of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) in the Casablanca region, Morocco.…”