Survey data on 478 residential electricity consumers in Massachusetts are used to examine the interactive effects of economic, demographic, structural, and psychological variables on four behaviorally distinct types of reported conservation response involving energy efficiency improvements or curtailment of the services energy provides. The causal model assumes that contextual variables (i.e., demographic, economic, and structural) may affect behavior indirectly through personal variables (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, norms) and that between personal variables, causality moves from the general through the specific to reported behavior. A path analysis incorporating these assumptions suggested that although behaviors that are relatively unconstrained for most households (such as temperature settings) are strongly influenced by norms, personal variables have much less influence on more constrained actions (such as major insulation activity). The effect of high and rising fuel price was stronger in producing economic sacrifice than in producing energy savings. Limits to generalizability are discussed.