Commentary: Deciphering the link between architecture and biological response of a bone graft substitute

Fabrication and characterization of drug-loaded nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 scaffolds modified with carbon nanotubes and silk fibroin

“…The SEM results presented in Figure 3 show that the average diameters of the CNT/SF-nHA/PA66 scaffolds were ~500 µm, meeting the requirement of a bone tissue scaffold. 27 The freeze-drying combined with chemical crosslinking method successfully modified the surface of nHA/ PA66 and did not destroy the original pore structure of the scaffold. In addition, the porosity and the pore diameter of a bone tissue engineering scaffold are extremely important for cell growth, nutrient transport, and bone formation.…”

“…The minimum aperture size that satisfies the essential requirements for bone tissue regeneration is ~100-150 µm. 27 The SEM images presented in Figure 2 show the morphological characteristics of the nHA/ PA66, SF-nHA/PA66, and CNT/SF-nHA/PA66 scaffolds. The average diameters of the scaffolds were ~500 µm.…”

An in vitro Study to Assess the Potential of a Unique Micro porous Algal Derived Cap Bone Void Filler in Comparison with Clinically-Used Bone Void Fillers

“…Therefore, the shape and size of the granules is important, as it will influence the size of the interstitial pores. For penetration and ingrowth of bone cells, pores and pore interconnections greater than 100µm are required [1,12]. Metabolizing cells also require an oxygen source in close proximity for survival; therefore the ability of the bone void filler to become vascularised will enhance the successfulness of the implant [37].…”

“…For example, the role of microscale (0.5 -10µm) and macroscale (>100µm) porosity to induce ectopic bone formation [10,11]. It has been well established that macroporosity with pores and interconnections >100µm improves osteogenic outcomes [12]. The role of microporosity and/or multi-scale porosity in osteogenesis is still not clear.…”

Calcium phosphate substrates with emulsion-derived roughness: Processing, characterisation and interaction with human mesenchymal stem cells

“…However, a few studies have addressed the possibility that microporosity in the range of 0.1 to 10-20 µm, i.e. at the cellular level, may play a crucial role on the formulation of cell response, possibly increasing material bioactivity [2]. Furthermore, these features could also prove advantageous in chemical delivery strategies, in which micropores can act as "drug reservoirs".…”