“…Unfortunately, this denial of collective harmdoing sends a message of a conspiracy of silence which further enfolds perpetrators, bystanders, and victims. Perpetrators may use silence and denial to avoid responsibility (Coester, 2010; Tsutsui, 2009), to maintain an attitude of “no remorse” and as means for refusing to recognize the moral implications of the violence in which they have been active participants (Baum, 2008; Hatzfeld, 2009). People who assume the position of bystanders often join with perpetrators in claiming that they were innocent parties, did not know what was happening, and have forgotten important details associated with the deaths of victims (Cohen, 2001).…”