Commentary: The sit-to-stand muscle power test: An easy, inexpensive and portable procedure to assess muscle power in older people

Fábrica, Gabriel; Biancardi, Carlo M.

doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111652

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This approach was chosen to allow the evaluation of participants both at the study sites and at home in a time-efficient manner. However, sit-to-stand muscle power received some criticism [ 65 ] and was only recently proposed. More studies on this method are necessary to provide further evidence on its validity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical performance and negative events in very old adults: a longitudinal study examining the ilSIRENTE cohort

Coelho-Júnior,

Calvani,

Álvarez-Bustos

et al. 2024

Aging Clin Exp Res

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Background Declining physical performance in old age is associated with a wide range of negative health-related outcomes. However, it is unclear which physical capabilities should be prioritized to obtain prognostic information in older adults. Aims To examine the associations between the performance on several physical function tests and falls, disability, and death in a well-characterized sample of very old Italian adults. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of older adults who lived in the mountain community of the Sirente geographic area in Central Italy. Physical performance was assessed using isometric handgrip strength (IHG), walking speed (WS) at a usual and fast pace, 5-time sit-to-stand test (5STS), and sit-to-stand power measures. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was estimated from calf circumference using a validated equation. History of falls, incident falls, and disability status according to basic Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) were recorded over two years. Survival status was obtained from the participants’ general practitioners and was confirmed by the National Death Registry over 10 years from enrolment. Linear, binary, and Cox regressions were performed to evaluate the association between physical performance measures and health outcomes. Results The mean age of the 255 participants was 84.2 ± 5.1 years, and 161 (63.1%) were women. Logistic regression indicated that IHG was significantly associated with incident ADL disability, whereas specific sit-to-stand muscle power was an independent predictor of death. No significant associations were observed between physical function and falls. Conclusions Our findings indicate selective associations between physical function tests and the occurrence of negative events in very old adults, with poor IHG predicting disability and specific sit-to-stand muscle power being longitudinally associated with death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical performance and negative events in very old adults: a longitudinal study examining the ilSIRENTE cohort

Coelho-Júnior,

Calvani,

Álvarez-Bustos

et al. 2024

Aging Clin Exp Res

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“…One would anticipate muscle power to be related to balance owing to the fact that the ability of muscles to contract rapidly is utilized to regain stability in the face of balance challenges [ 20 ]. The 5STS-based muscle power equations have faced criticism due to their assumption that only a portion of the body mass accelerates during the concentric phase of movement, whereas the production of mechanical power in similar conditions should account for alterations in the kinetic and potential energy of the entire body [ 46 ]. Authors have also highlighted conceptual problems with the definition of the concentric phase [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agreement and Associations between Countermovement Jump, 5-Time Sit-To-Stand, Lower-Limb Muscle Power Equations, and Physical Performance Tests in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Coelho-Júnior,

da Silva Aguiar,

de Oliveira Gonçalves

et al. 2024

JCM

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Objectives: The present study examined the agreement and associations of the 5-time sit-to-stand (5STS) test, the countermovement jump test, and lower-limb muscle power equations with a set of physical performance tests in older adults. Methods: Five hundred and thirty-four community-dwelling older adults were recruited for the study. Lower-limb muscle power measures included 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations. Isometric handgrip strength, timed “up-and-go!”, the 6 min walking test, one-leg stand, and walking speed at usual and fast paces were used to assess physical performance. Pearson’s correlations and Bland–Altman analyses were conducted to examine associations among muscle power measures. Linear and multiple regressions were run to explore associations of 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations with physical performance tests. Results: Weak correlations were observed among lower-limb muscle power measures. Bland–Altman results indicated important differences among the countermovement jump test, 5STS, and muscle power equations. Results of multiple linear regressions indicated that 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations were significantly associated with measures of muscle strength and mobility. However, only 5STS was significantly associated with balance. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the performance on the countermovement jump test and 5STS is weakly correlated with lower-limb muscle power equations. The only exception was the correlation found between the countermovement jump test and relative muscle power, highlighting the importance of accounting for body mass in muscle power evaluations. Muscle power measures were similarly associated with performance on handgrip strength, timed “up-and-go!”, and the 6 min walking test. The exclusive association of 5STS with balance suggests that a reassessment of 5STS muscle power equations may be warranted.

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“…This non-instrumented method of muscle power measurement has been validated against two instrumented methods, however, the assumptions made in its calculation may affect precision of measurement[ 36 ]. First, calculating mean muscle power assumes that identical time is taken for each of the five stands, however, it is possible that a participant may speed up or slow down during the examination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, this calculation may not be perfectly indicative of a person’s ability to generate power when fatigued. Second, the elimination of 10% of body mass from the equation, purported by the authors as not participatory in the task, may lead to biased results[ 36 ]. Lindemann et al[ 37 ] noted that, as muscle power from the entire body is required to support the center of mass as it leaves the chair to perform a concentric stand, the total force when moving upward through space should be equal to, if not more than body mass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle power predicts frailty status over four years: A retrospective cohort study of the National Health and Aging Trends Study

Burbank¹,

Branscum²,

Bovbjerg³

et al. 2023

JFSF

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Objectives: Muscle power is a critical measure of physical capacity in older adults, however the association between muscle power and frailty is not well explored. The purpose of this study is to estimate the association between muscle power and frailty in community-dwelling older adults in the National Health and Aging Trends Study from 2011-2015. Methods: Cross-sectional and prospective analyses were performed on 4,803 community-dwelling older adults. Mean muscle power was calculated using the five-time sit-to-stand test, height, weight, and chair height and dichotomized into high-watt and low-watt groups. Frailty was defined using the five Fried criteria. Results: The low watt-group had higher odds of pre-frailty and frailty at baseline year 2011. In prospective analyses, the low-watt group that was pre-frail at baseline had increased hazards of frailty (AHR 1.62, 95% CI 1.31, 1.99) and decreased hazards of non-frailty (AHR 0.71, 95% CI 0.59, 0.86). The low-watt group that was non-frail at baseline had increased hazards of pre-frailty (1.24, 95% CI 1.04, 1.47) and frailty (1.70, 1.07, 2.70). Conclusions: Lower muscle power is associated with higher odds of pre-frailty and frailty and increased hazards of becoming frail or pre-frail over four years in those who are pre-frail or non-frail at baseline.

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Commentary: The sit-to-stand muscle power test: An easy, inexpensive and portable procedure to assess muscle power in older people

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Physical performance and negative events in very old adults: a longitudinal study examining the ilSIRENTE cohort

Physical performance and negative events in very old adults: a longitudinal study examining the ilSIRENTE cohort

Agreement and Associations between Countermovement Jump, 5-Time Sit-To-Stand, Lower-Limb Muscle Power Equations, and Physical Performance Tests in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Muscle power predicts frailty status over four years: A retrospective cohort study of the National Health and Aging Trends Study

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