Commentary: Trunkloads of Viruses

Pellett, Philip E.

doi:10.1128/jvi.02359-14

Cited by 11 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The first was to learn more about the nature of this novel class of elephant herpesviruses and the range of genes and genetic variation that the different EEHV species and subtypes display. The second was to further address the question of whether the entire Proboscivirus genus would be best classified as just an outlier member of the betaherpesviruses or instead as the prototype of a distinct subfamily of the mammalian herpesviruses (the Deltaherpesvirinae ) separate from the alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesvirus subfamilies ( 11 , 18 , 24 , 35 ). Third, questions had arisen not only about whether the AT-rich and GC-rich branches of the EEHVs might also be sufficiently diverged to justify separate genus status but also more generically about the nature, origins, and significance of this commonly encountered tendency among some other herpesvirus groups as well of trending toward extremely high GC content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequence of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 4, the First Example of a GC-Rich Branch Proboscivirus

Ling

Long²,

Fuery

et al. 2016

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Multiple species of herpesviruses from three different lineages of the Proboscivirus genus (EEHV1/6, EEHV2/5, and EEHV3/4/7) infect both Asian and African elephants, but lethal hemorrhagic disease is largely confined to Asian elephant calves and is predominantly associated with EEHV1. Milder disease caused by EEHV5 or EEHV4 is being increasingly recognized as well, but little is known about the latter, which is estimated to have diverged at least 35 million years ago from the others within a distinctive GC-rich branch of the Proboscivirus genus. Here, we have determined the complete genomic DNA sequence of a strain of EEHV4 obtained from a trunk wash sample collected from a surviving Asian elephant calf undergoing asymptomatic shedding during convalescence after an acute hemorrhagic disease episode. This represents the first example from among the three known GC-rich branch Proboscivirus species to be assembled and fully annotated. Several distinctive features of EEHV4 compared to AT-rich branch genomes are described

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequence of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 4, the First Example of a GC-Rich Branch Proboscivirus

Ling

Long²,

Fuery

et al. 2016

mSphere

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“…The herpesviridae comprise four subfamilies, the alphaherpesvirinae, betaherpesvirinae, gammaherpesvirinae [1], and the newly assigned deltaherpesvirinae [2], which can all maintain lifelong infection, and exhibit prolonged latency and repeated reactivation. Infection typically causes no, or only mild subpatent, disease [3], although serious symptoms may be observed in immuno-compromised trade-offs [44], infanticide in Southern England [42] (but not in Ireland [39]), and high neonatal cub mortality due to coccidiosis [45]; but no single suggested cause can fully explain the observed phenomenon [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) Reactivation in European Badger (Meles meles) Genital Tracts on Reproductive Fitness

et al. 2020

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Reactivation of latent Gammaherpesvirus in the genital tract can lead to reproductive failure in domestic animals. Nevertheless, this pathophysiology has not received formal study in wild mammals. High prevalence of Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) DNA detected in the genital tracts of European badgers (Meles meles) implies that this common pathogen may be a sexual transmitted infection. Here we used PCR to test MusGHV-1 DNA prevalence in genital swabs collected from 144 wild badgers in Ireland (71 males, 73 females) to investigate impacts on male fertility indicators (sperm abundance and testes weight) and female fecundity (current reproductive output). MusGHV-1 reactivation had a negative effect on female reproduction, but not on male fertility; however males had a higher risk of MusGHV-1 reactivation than females, especially during the late-winter mating season, and genital MusGHV-1 reactivation differed between age classes, where 3–5 year old adults had significantly lower reactivation rates than younger or older ones. Negative results in foetal tissues from MusGHV-1 positive mothers indicated that cross-placental transmission was unlikely. This study has broader implications for how wide-spread gammaherpesvirus infections could affect reproductive performance in wild Carnivora species.

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“…In contrast to the virus species found in Asian elephants, four other EEHV species namely EEHV2, EEHV3, EEHV6 and EEHV7, have been detected in African elephants [ 10 , 15 ]. These viruses from both elephant host species fall into a single but highly diverged new clade of mammalian herpesviruses known as the Proboscivirus genus that is distinctly different from any of the genera in each of the three currently assigned subfamilies [ 13 , 14 , 29 – 31 ]. Furthermore, they form two major branches of AT-rich or GC-rich genomes between 180 to 206-kb in size and encoding approximately 118 genes, half of which are novel to the Proboscivirus genus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended genotypic evaluation and comparison of twenty-two cases of lethal EEHV1 hemorrhagic disease in wild and captive Asian elephants in India

et al. 2018

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Thirteen new lethal cases of acute hemorrhagic disease (HD) with typical histopathogical features were identified in young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus indicus) in India between 2013 and 2017. Eight occurred amongst free-ranging wild herds, with three more in camp-raised orphans and two in captive-born calves. All were confirmed to have high levels of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus type 1A (EEHV1A) DNA detected within gross pathological lesions from necropsy tissue by multi-locus PCR DNA sequencing. The strains involved were all significantly different from one another and from nine previously described cases from Southern India (which included one example of EEHV1B). Overall, eight selected dispersed PCR loci totaling up to 6.1-kb in size were analyzed for most of the 22 cases, with extensive subtype clustering data being obtained at four hypervariable gene loci. In addition to the previously identified U48(gH-TK) and U51(vGPCR1) gene loci, these included two newly identified E5(vGPCR5) and E54(vOX2-1) loci mapping far outside of the classic EEHV1A versus EEHV1B subtype chimeric domains and towards the novel end segments of the genome that had not been evaluated previously. The high levels of genetic divergence and mosaic scrambling observed between adjacent loci match closely to the overall range of divergence found within 45 analyzed North American and European cases, but include some common relatively unique polymorphic features and preferred subtypes that appear to distinguish most but not all Indian strains from both those in Thailand and those outside range countries. Furthermore, more than half of the Indian cases studied here involved calves living within wild herds, whereas nearly all other cases identified in Asia so far represent rescued camp orphans or captive-born calves.

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Commentary: Trunkloads of Viruses

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Complete Genome Sequence of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 4, the First Example of a GC-Rich Branch Proboscivirus

Complete Genome Sequence of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 4, the First Example of a GC-Rich Branch Proboscivirus

Effects of Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) Reactivation in European Badger (Meles meles) Genital Tracts on Reproductive Fitness

Extended genotypic evaluation and comparison of twenty-two cases of lethal EEHV1 hemorrhagic disease in wild and captive Asian elephants in India

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