Commercial filament testing for use in 3D printed phantoms

Savi, Matheus Brum Marques Bianchi; Andrade, M. A. B.; Potiens, M.P.A.

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108906

Cited by 29 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…By decreasing the infill density of printed objects, this range could be expanded down to −800 HU 5 offering the possibility to approximate the CT density of lung tissue 4,9 . In general, there is a linear correlation between the infill and CT density, depending on the infill structure and the used material 4‐6,14 . On the other hand, the HU range of printed materials can be expanded up to 7200 HU using thermoplastic composite materials, often based on polylactic acid (PLA) mixed with metal or stone powders 8 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials with respect to attenuation and absorption of X‐rays used for diagnostic and interventional imaging

et al. 2022

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Introduction Three‐dimensional printing is a promising technology to produce phantoms for quality assurance and dosimetry in X‐ray imaging. Crucial to this, however, is the use of tissue equivalent printing materials. It was thus the aim of this study to evaluate the properties of a larger number of commercially available printing filaments with respect to their attenuation and absorption of X‐rays. Materials and methods Apparent kerma attenuation coefficients (AKACs) and absorbed doses for different X‐ray spectra (tube voltages, 70–140 kV) were measured and simulated by Monte‐Carlo computations for a larger number of fused‐deposition‐modeling (FDM) materials. The results were compared with the respective values simulated for reference body tissues. In addition, the properties of polylactide acid samples printed with reduced infill densities were investigated. Results Measured and simulated AKACs and absorbed doses agreed well with each other and in case of AKACs also with attenuation coefficients derived from the reference database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). For lung, adipose, muscle, and bulk soft tissue as well as for spongiosa (cancellous bone), printed materials with equivalent attenuation as well as absorption properties could be identified. In contrast, none of the considered printed materials was equivalent to cortical bone. Conclusion Several FDM materials have been identified as well‐suited substitutes for body tissues in terms of the investigated material characteristics. They can therefore be used for in‐house production of individualized and task‐specific phantoms for image quality assessment and dose measurements in X‐ray imaging.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials with respect to attenuation and absorption of X‐rays used for diagnostic and interventional imaging

et al. 2022

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“…Sixteen 8 cm³ cubes with internal rectilinear infill pattern (+45° and -45°) were printed using two different materials, being PLA (polylactic acid) with 27.5 ± 2.5% copper (Cu) manufactured by UP3D © and pure ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) manufactured by 3DON © , totaling 32 cubes. These materials were chosen for their ability to mimic different types of soft tissue, such as skin, adipose tissue, among others, depending on the percentage of filling [25]. The infill variation range was defined between 15% to 90%, with 5% increments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual impact of infill percentages for 3D printed radiologic simulators

Andrade

Fin²,

Alves³

et al. 2020

Braz. J. Rad. Sci.

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“…Some of the commercially available printing filaments have already been evaluated in literature by reporting their response to radiation in terms of Hounsfield Unit (HU) equivalence of human tissues [13][14][15]. Savi et al [16] reported that Polylactic Acid (PLA) with addition of copper reached the highest value of approximately 330HU, which corresponds only to low limits of cortical bone, and is insufficient to represent dentin (1600HU-2400HU [17,18]) and enamel (above 2500HU [18][19][20]) tissues. The literature and practice find that an approximately 350HU cortical bone value is only found in a few bones, like vertebrae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of radiopaque FFF filaments for bone and teeth representation in 3D printed radiological objects

Savi

Andrade²,

Villani³

et al. 2022

Braz. J. Rad. Sci.

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The use of 3D printing technologies is growing widely, including the possibility of design phantoms for imaging and dosimetry. For that, high attenuation tissues such as cortical bone, dentin and enamel need to be mimicked to accurately produce 3D printed phantoms, especially for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) printing technology. A Radiopaque FFF filament commercially available had been hard to be found; and this study aims to report, step-by-step, the development of a radiopaque FFF filament. A combination of radiopaque substances (Barium Sulfate - BaSO4 and Calcium Carbonate - CaCO3) was selected using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) XCOM tool theoretical data and added as filler in an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) matrix. The filament was homogenized and gone under first characterizations by analyzing its density, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Computed Tomography (CT) and micro-CT (µCT) scans. Three filaments were produced with different Hounsfield Units (HU) equivalences: XCT-A (1607HU), XCT-B (1965HU) and XCT-C (2624HU) with respective densities of 1.166(6) g/cm³, 1.211(2) g/cm³ and 1.271(3) g/cm³. With these values, high attenuation tissues, such as bones, dentine and enamel, can now be mimicked with FFF 3D printing technology, at a low cost of production.

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Commercial filament testing for use in 3D printed phantoms

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

Tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials with respect to attenuation and absorption of X‐rays used for diagnostic and interventional imaging

Tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials with respect to attenuation and absorption of X‐rays used for diagnostic and interventional imaging

Visual impact of infill percentages for 3D printed radiologic simulators

Development of radiopaque FFF filaments for bone and teeth representation in 3D printed radiological objects

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