The rise of modernity in Europe resulted in the redefinition of social relations between those in control of the apparatus of the state and economy on the one hand, and those who worked and lived within that apparatus on the other. This shift in the definition of the basic social unit from subject to individual citizen was fraught with tension, and resulted in vast changes in the lives of colonized people throughout the European sphere of control. The social and material manifestations of these historical processes were many; this article considers how phenomena associated with colonial modernity impacted the lives of people enslaved at Marshall's Pen, a Jamaican coffee plantation, in the opening decades of the nineteenth century. To this end, this article examines the negotiation of the social and material realities of nineteenth-century colonialism through the spread of massproduced goods mediated through the rise of consumerism visible through archaeologically recovered material culture, the imposition of age-grade, gendered, ethnic and racial categorizations as manifestations of a rationalized social order, the increased focus on the individual as a self-regulating member of a moralized social order, and shifting definitions of the relationships between space and social organization reflecting in changing settlement patterns of village life.Keywords Colonialism . Jamaica . Racialization . Consumerism . ModernityAlthough there are many ways to interpret how the various expressions of European colonialism have historically shaped interactions between European and nonEuropean people, one approach is to consider late eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century colonialism as a manifestation of the newly emerging consciousness of modernity. As I have elsewhere discussed (Delle 2008), modernity is a complex set of social phenomena woven from various strands of ongoing historical Int J Histor Archaeol (2009) 13:488-512