Commercial vaccine against pseudorabies virus: A hidden health risk for dogs

Lin, Wencheng; Shao, Yangyang; Tan, Chen; Shen, Yonghang; Zhang, Xinheng; Xiao, Junfang; Wu, Yuting; He, Lili; Shao, Guanming; Han, Mingzhen; Wang, Huan; Ma, Jingyun; Xie, Qingmei

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.031

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…There are rare AD reports in dogs following contact with other infected species, such as badgers [ 31 ]. The risk of disease onset following exposure to attenuated SuHV-1 viral strains used in commercial vaccines for AD prophylaxis in pigs has also recently been reported [ 41 , 42 ]. Neurological symptoms characterize the clinical picture of AD in dogs, often accompanied by intense neuropathic itching, which appears between 1 and 9–10 days from exposure to the virus [ 18 , 31 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aujeszky’s disease in hunting dogs after the ingestion of wild boar raw meat in Sicily (Italy): clinical, diagnostic and phylogenetic features

et al. 2022

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Background Aujeszky's disease is caused by Suid Herpes Virus-1 and species belonging to the genus Sus scrofa are the main reservoir hosts. This virus, however, is capable of infecting and causing severe disease, with an almost constant fatal outcome in other species, both domestic and wild (carnivores, monogastric herbivores and ruminants). Moreover, the possibility of transmission to humans has been demonstrated. This study reports and describes the clinical, diagnostic, pathological and phylogenetic aspects of two cases of Aujeszky's disease in two hunting dogs following the ingestion of infected wild boar raw meat. These cases are contextualized in the province of Messina (Sicily), where a high prevalence of Aujeszky's disease has been recorded (average of 12,20% in the period 2010–2019) in farmed pig, and with evidence of spread to other species. A severe outbreak in cattle has recently been reported in these areas. Nevertheless, cases of Aujeszky's disease in dogs are rarely reported and this study represents the first well-documented report in this species in Sicily. Case presentation After a wild boar hunt, two dogs showed neurological symptoms and intense itching unresponsive to therapy. Diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease was made based on clinical suspicion, anamnestic information and confirmed by the isolation of the virus from the brain of both dogs. In addition, molecular typing, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Real-Time PCR products were performed. The sequences studied were placed in the Italian Clade 1 along with the sequences obtained from wild boars and hunting dogs from Italy and France. Conclusions The finding of this disease in non-natural hosts in Sicilian multi-host epidemiological contexts suggests that the risk of inter-species transmission is concrete and that attention should be paid to developing disease control programs in these territories. The data obtained from genome sequencing of the two SuHV-1 isolates contribute to the enrichment of the GenBank with unknown sequences and the phylogenetic analysis implementation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aujeszky’s disease in hunting dogs after the ingestion of wild boar raw meat in Sicily (Italy): clinical, diagnostic and phylogenetic features

et al. 2022

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“…Infection in non-natural hosts generally occurs by faecal-oral or aerosol routes but, given the high stability of SuAHV-1in the environment, indirect infection by exposure to infected fomites is also described [ 20 ]. Additionally, exposure to the modified live vaccines developed for pigs may cause disease in sheep [ 21 ], dogs [ 22 , 23 ] and foxes [ 16 ]. AD in non-natural hosts is sporadic, usually with a lethal outcome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieving Historical Cases of Aujeszky’s Disease in Sicily (Italy): Report of a Natural Outbreak Affecting Sheep, Goats, Dogs, Cats and Foxes and Considerations on Critical Issues and Perspectives in Light of the Recent EU Regulation 429/2016

et al. 2021

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Aujeszky’s disease is caused by Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, and its main reservoir host is the pig. However, other species are also susceptible. Infection with this virus causes a severe neurological clinical picture named Aujeszky’s disease, usually accompanied by itching and death a few days after the onset of symptoms. This study reports a multi-species outbreak of Aujeszky’s disease that occurred in Sicily, which led to the death of 2 goats, 15 sheep, 2 dogs, 2 cats and 2 foxes. The diagnosis was made by culture, indirect immunofluorescence on brain samples and confirmed by biological test on rabbits. This study reports the first cases of Aujeszky’s disease in Italy in cats, goat and sheep. The finding of Aujeszky’s disease in several species in Sicily suggests a potential epizootic risk. In such areas where a multi-host system is recognised, an analysis of the risk factors should be carried out in order to develop targeted strategies for the control and eradication of the disease. The critical issues that hinder the control of Aujeszky’s disease in the studied territory and perspectives for eradication in the light of EU regulation 429/2016 are also discussed.

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“…Thus, rats may represent an important vector for the spread of PRV from domestic pigs to cats, dogs, and wild carnivores. Moreover, cats and dogs may be naturally infected with PRV ( 23 ), and some commercial PRV vaccines are lethal to dogs ( 12 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dogs also appear to be highly susceptible, and there have been several reports of PRV infection in dogs, particularly in hunting dogs which acquired PRV while hunting wild animals (14). Moreover, it has recently been reported that some commercial PRV vaccines are lethal to dogs (12). Although wild rats are thought to represent a source of PRV infection on swine farms and vector of the virus' spread between farms, the level of susceptibility of rats to PRV infection remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tk-deleted pseudorabies virus retains high pathogenicity in rats

Zhang

Ruan

Sang

et al. 2021

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction The pseudorabies virus (PRV) gene encoding thymidine kinase (tk) is an important virulence-associated factor. Attenuation of PRV in susceptible animals is a frequent result of tk deletion. The aim of the study was to assess the pathogenicity of tk-deleted PRV in rats. Material and Methods Sprague Dawley rats were infected with the tk-deleted PRV strain SuHV-1 ΔTK:247via intranasal or intramuscular inoculation. PRV loads in ten tissues from dead and euthanised rats were determined using real-time PCR. Results Infection with SuHV-1 ΔTK:247 could cause death in rats. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of SuHV-1 ΔTK:247 via intranasal inoculation was 103.16 TCID50 in rats. Intramuscular inoculation required a higher dose of SuHV-1 ΔTK:247 (105.0 TCID50). A high SuHV-1 ΔTK:247 titre was observed in the trigeminal ganglia or spinal cord of dead rats. Conclusion The results of this study show that rats are highly susceptible to PRV infection, and tk deletion did not completely diminish the pathogenicity of PRV in rats.

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Commercial vaccine against pseudorabies virus: A hidden health risk for dogs

Cited by 23 publications

References 29 publications

Aujeszky’s disease in hunting dogs after the ingestion of wild boar raw meat in Sicily (Italy): clinical, diagnostic and phylogenetic features

Aujeszky’s disease in hunting dogs after the ingestion of wild boar raw meat in Sicily (Italy): clinical, diagnostic and phylogenetic features

Retrieving Historical Cases of Aujeszky’s Disease in Sicily (Italy): Report of a Natural Outbreak Affecting Sheep, Goats, Dogs, Cats and Foxes and Considerations on Critical Issues and Perspectives in Light of the Recent EU Regulation 429/2016

Tk-deleted pseudorabies virus retains high pathogenicity in rats

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