Commercialization of Genetic Research and Public Policy

Knoppers, Bartha Maria; Hirtle, Marie; Glass, Kathleen Cranley

doi:10.1126/science.286.5448.2277

Cited by 39 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…5) Communication of results needs to be clear upfront. 6) Commercialisation issues also need to be addressed [73]. Moreover, while people generally cannot own their DNA, they do exercise control, and the institution, custodianship.…”

Section: Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-genome respiratory epidemiology: a multidisciplinary challenge

Kauffmann

2004

Eur Respir J

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Post-genome respiratory epidemiology: a multidisciplinary challenge. F. Kauffmann and the Post Genome Respiratory Epidemiology group. #ERS Journals Ltd 2004. ABSTRACT: The introduction of genetic approaches in respiratory epidemiology is novel for most epidemiologists, and the post-genome phase poses new challenges. After describing specific questions pertinent to the field of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, two main methodological aspects regarding technological and scientific advances are presented in this review. The first one concerns biological aspects in the genome and post-genome phases, i.e. how to study the genome, the transcriptome and the proteome. The second area concerns genetic epidemiology, considering design (case control and family based) and statistical analytical issues. Key aspects are large sample size, good phenotyping and the consideration of environment-by-gene interaction according to windows of opportunity.Needs that have been identified include the following. 1) Networking for setting standards in the field and access to sufficiently large samples. 2) Multidisciplinarity; the collaboration of epidemiologists, clinicians, geneticists and specialists in bioinformatics, in addition to specialists in disciplines less familiar to epidemiologists, to be prepared for new phenotypic characterisations based on transcriptome and proteome. 3) Training in genetic analytical techniques for some respiratory epidemiologists, as well as in respiratory epidemiology for some genetic epidemiologists.Implications for research, considering ethical aspects, public health aspects and organisational aspects in the field of genetic and environmental respiratory epidemiology also need to be addressed.

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Section: Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-genome respiratory epidemiology: a multidisciplinary challenge

Kauffmann

2004

Eur Respir J

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“…These may include a human rights approach (working through codes, conventions, and international courts, with the participation of public interest groups); a statutory approach (in which legislation is crafted to respond to new technologies and which may represent a public consensus, though one limited to the “public” to which the laws apply); an administrative approach (in which governmental or professional bodies set codes and accredit practitioners, sometimes evading more restrictive legislation); and a market‐driven approach (in which consumer choice both stimulates investment and threatens litigation). These authors observe that “the increasingly multicentered and international nature of human genetic research and pharmacogenomics suggests that the time is ripe for international harmonization.” 12 Yet there is no international or regulatory body than can mandate such a development.…”

Section: The Priority Of Autonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotech & JUSTICE: Catching up with the Real World Order

Cahill

2003

The Hastings Center Report

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Social policy questions in the U.S. are often framed in terms of individual rights, valorizing individual freedom and self‐determination. But this focus obscures the social and economic bases of health and disease. U.S. bioethics, as its counterparts in Africa and Asia have done, needs to restructure its philosophical framework and expand its moral criteria to consider how to define a global ethics.

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“…24 Otherwise, the technically more demanding but logical next step towards freemarket eugenics might be to apply the new genetic criteria for prenatal choice to preimplantation diagnosis. 25 Unlike prenatal diagnosis, pre-implantation diagnosis does not involve abortion which, as a traumatic intervention, provides a psychological barrier to parental choice relating to minor undesired traits.…”

Section: Are We Prepared?mentioning

confidence: 99%