Commercially Sexually Exploited and Trafficked Minors: Our Hidden and Forgotten Children

Macias‐Konstantopoulos, Wendy; Bar-Halpern, Miri

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27580-2_11

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…At particularly high risk are adolescents of all genders who are homeless, whether they have chosen to leave a dysfunctional home, have run away from foster care, or are “throwaways” (told to leave home by caregivers) (Gibbs et al, 2015; Greeson et al, 2019; Macias-Konstantopoulos & Bar-Halpern, 2016; Nazer & Greenbaum, 2020). Adolescents find themselves unable to access food, shelter, and other necessities; thus, they are more willing to engage in high-risk behaviors, such as trading sex, as a means of survival (Fedina et al, 2019; Varma, Gillespie, McCracken, & Greenbaum, 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Youth who engage in survival sex meet criteria for trafficking as established by the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (Middleton et al, 2018). Although an adolescent may appear to be engaging in commercial sex independently to meet his or her needs (i.e., engaging in prostitution to obtain food or shelter), the adolescent is still a survivor of trafficking per federal law as he or she is too young to consent to commercial sex (Fedina et al, 2019; Macias-Konstantopoulos & Bar-Halpern, 2016). It is especially important to note that male minors are more likely than females to be acting alone, rather than under control of traffickers (Annitto, 2011; Avila, 2016; Cole, 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Trafficking

Rapoza¹

2022

Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal

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Sex trafficking often goes unrecognized, yet is a pervasive issue that disproportionately affects marginalized populations. Survivors suffer adverse health effects and often present to health care facilities while still under control of their traffickers. Health care providers, including nurses and advanced practice nurses, lack understanding of risk factors, signs and symptoms, and means of offering assistance. A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing EBSCOhost and WorldCat. Studies were considered eligible for inclusion if subject matter dealt directly with domestic sex trafficking and included implications for health care or health care education. There are some identified risk factors that place people at higher risk for victimization and survivors may present for care with a common symptom, including physical and mental health issues. Barriers to care include both survivor and health care system characteristics; however, health care providers can undertake specific actions to help overcome these barriers. Health care providers are in a prime position to identify and assist sex trafficking survivors. However, they need to be aware of common risk factor presentations, and they need to be trained to offer assistance. Ongoing research is needed to determine the best way to develop, introduce, and evaluate these trainings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Trafficking

Rapoza¹

2022

Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal

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“…Well-intentioned responders sometimes inadvertently violate survivors' rights by "outing" or re-traumatizing them through interviews [22]. Mandated disclosure of information about excruciating experiences in slavery risks retraumatizing survivors [23]. Moreover, survivors are often lied to by traffickers about the harms of seeking help (e.g., they are told they will be shamed, arrested, deported).…”

Section: Public Health Surveillance As a Response To Human Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical Considerations in Mandatory Disclosure of Data Acquired While Caring for Human Trafficking Survivors

Kerr¹,

Dash

2017

AMA Journal of Ethics

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Accurate data on the prevalence and psychological effects of human trafficking as well as treatment outcomes for survivors are essential for measuring the impact of interventions and generating better understanding of this phenomenon. However, such data are difficult to obtain. A legal mandate for health care professionals to report trafficking opens opportunities for advancing our work in the field of human trafficking but also poses risks to survivors seeking services. In this article, we provide an analysis of some critical ethical considerations for the development and implementation of a mandatory reporting policy and offer recommendations for the ethical implementation of such a policy.

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“…Notably, there are a number of difficulties to more accurately estimating the prevalence of DMST/CSEC, whether point, period, or lifetime prevalence. Previously identified challenges include (a) the often hidden nature of this crime and hard-to-reach nature of trafficked minors; (b) reluctance among victims to disclose victimization, seek services, or participate in research because of fear (e.g., fear of retribution from traffickers, fear of law enforcement, fear of being identified as criminals), shame and stigma, lack of access to services, not self-identifying as a victim of DMST/CSEC, and a belief that they will not be believed or truly protected; (c) varying definitions of DMST/CSEC based on context (victims vs. law enforcement vs. industry) and scale (local vs. national); (d) lack of a uniform, centralized, and integrated system for tracking DMST/CSEC in part due to legal and policy barriers to the collection, sharing, and analysis of trafficking data; (e) lack of training and identification by law enforcement and service providers; and (f) challenges to collecting data from trafficked youth (e.g., informed consent from parents/guardians; concerns regarding further exploitation; and accessing potentially vulnerably youth who are homeless, in the foster-care system, or adjudicated; Barnert et al, 2017; Fedina & DeForge, 2017; Macias-Konstantopoulos & Bar-Halpern, 2016; Macias Konstantopoulos et al, 2013; Macy & Graham, 2012; Miller-Perrin & Wurtele, 2017; National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, 2020; Rafferty, 2008; Raymond & Hughes, 2001; E. F. Rothman et al, 2018; Smith et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Sex Trafficking of Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Scoping Review

Franchino-Olsen

Chesworth

Boyle

et al. 2020

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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Topic: This scoping review investigated research regarding the magnitude of minor sex trafficking (domestic minor sex trafficking and/or commercial sexual exploitation of children) in the United States, summarizing estimates, methodologies, and strengths and weaknesses of the studies. Method: Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, peer-reviewed articles and the gray literature were accessed via databases searches, reference harvesting, and expert advice. Articles were included if they provided a count or prevalence proportion estimate of trafficked or at-risk minors across or within a region of the United States. Six empirical studies, published from 1999 to 2017, were included in the review. Results: Included studies produced count estimates ( n = 3) or prevalence proportion estimates ( n = 3) for youth at risk of minor sex trafficking ( n = 2) or reporting victimization ( n = 5). Studies examined sex trafficking risk and victimization in different geographical areas, including across the United States ( n = 2), in New York City ( n = 1), and in Ohio ( n = 1). Further, several studies focused on particular populations, such as street and shelter youths ( n = 1) and adjudicated males ( n = 1). Sampling methodologies of reviewed estimates included traditional random sampling ( n = 1), nationally representative sampling ( n = 2), convenience sampling ( n = 1), respondent-driven sampling ( n = 1), purposive sampling ( n = 1), and use of census data ( n = 2). Conclusion: Little research has estimated the prevalence of minor sex trafficking in the United States. The existing studies examine different areas and populations and use different categories to estimate the problem. The estimates reviewed here should be cited cautiously. Future research is needed on this important topic, including methodologies to produce more representative estimates of this hard-to-reach population.

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Commercially Sexually Exploited and Trafficked Minors: Our Hidden and Forgotten Children

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Sex Trafficking

Sex Trafficking

Ethical Considerations in Mandatory Disclosure of Data Acquired While Caring for Human Trafficking Survivors

The Prevalence of Sex Trafficking of Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Scoping Review

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