Commissioning of the electron injector for the AWAKE experiment

Kim, Seong-Yeol; Doebert, S.; Apsimon, O.; Apsimon, R.; Dayyani, Mohsen; Gessner, Spencer; Gorgisyan, Ishkhan; Mazzoni, Stefano; Moody, J. T.; Turner, M.; Williamson, B.; Chung, М.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.163194

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Producing such a short bunch of electrons that feels the same field in the acceleration structure seems substantial. In the trailing bunch method [10][11][12] or even the external injection [13] the bunch length is long relative to the wakefield length, thus producing high quality bunches with high charge is difficult. Generation of localized bunches that can be perfectly matched with the wakefield leads to lower energy spread and consequently higher quality.…”

Section: Electron Self-injection Into the Bubble Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, due to the large longitudinal extent of the trailing beam, the final electron bunches have very low quality and low charge that makes them unsuitable for high energy physics and advanced-light-source applications. The external injection methods can provide a high degree of control on the acceleration process, but synchronization of the driver and the trailing bunch is very difficult [13]. In Fact, For a plasma density 10 18 cm −3 , the ion cavity wavelength is about several tens of microns making the synchronization and efficient capture of externally injected electrons into such a cavity extremely challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Controlled electron injection into beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators employing a co-propagating laser pulse

Barzegar

Sedaghat

Niknam

2021

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

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A novel technique for generating high current electron bunches in electron beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFAs) is suggested based on co-propagation of an electron beam and a laser pulse. It is observed that propagation of a laser pulse in front of an electron beam driver leads to bubble expansion and consequently electron injection into a PWFA. The acceleration structure is extensively studied in this scheme and the bubble evolution process is discussed. The difference in propagation velocity of the laser pulse and the beam driver in the plasma and variation of electron beam driver density in presence of the laser pulse cause the bubble radius grows. Using a laser pulse in a PWFA leads to the generation of an ultra short (10 fs) electron bunch with charge three times larger than the electron beam driver total charge. It is shown by altering the initial electron beam driver density and the laser pulse intensity, the external control of the amount of loaded charge is possible. The number of self-injected electrons is enhanced by increasing the laser pulse intensity and the density of the electron beam driver. The results represent that the accelerator operates in a highly loaded regime. Therefore, by raising the density of the electron beam driver and the laser pulse intensity, the final energy spread of the generated electron bunch increases. An interpretive approach to find the appropriate parameters for the laser pulse and the electron beam is proposed in this scheme.

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Section: Electron Self-injection Into the Bubble Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled electron injection into beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators employing a co-propagating laser pulse

Barzegar

Sedaghat

Niknam

2021

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

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“…In that matter, Radiofrequency (RF) photoinjectors have become the workhorse when low emittance and high peak current are required. Some of these applications at CERN include the production of witness electron bunches for plasma wake field acceleration in 10 m plasma columns [1,2,3], or irradiation experiments at GHz repetition rates in the CLEAR facility [4,5]. Beyond CERN, free electron lasers (FEL), electron diffraction microscopy, or high photon energy sources in the X-ray and γ-ray regimes [6], are examples of machines that require ultrafast and well synchronized high peak current electron bunches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Surface Treatment with deep UV Ultrafast Laser for Improved Photocathode Photoemissive Properties

Groussin,

Martinez Calderon,

Marsh

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Cesium Telluride (Cs2Te) constitutes today the photoemissive semiconductor material of choice for electron accelerators due to its high quantum efficiency (QE) in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) spectral range, and capability to produce high charge over a long operation lifetime. Unfortunately, its chemical instability requires ultra-high vacuum (in the 10-10 mbar range). This inevitably complicates Cs2Te photocathode handling, and increases the overall cost compared to metallic counterparts. Copper photocathodes are alternative candidates, and although they are much more tolerant in terms of vacuum requirements, their use in high average current photo-injectors is limited due to their orders of magnitude lower QE (around 10-5 per unit). With the development of nanophotonics, plasmonic phenomena can now be exploited to tailor a new range of effects in the photoemission process. In this work, we focus on direct laser fabrication of nanostructures for plasmonic electric-field enhancement on copper, and study their potential for enhancing the quantum yield. We develop a methodology to fabricate the nanostructures by irradiating the Cu surface with 257 nm femtosecond pulses, well above copper’s work function. We directly obtained nanostructures 100-200 nm, matching the plasmonic resonance for photoinjector wavelengths. The study is accompanied by a parametric scan allowing to obtain the optimal laser machining parameters, and the analysis of the nanostructure morphologies obtained.

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“…This can be accomplished by a high-performance injector that can produce electron beams with an ultra-low emittance in 6-D phase space. This scientific motivation stimulates the development of high-power and low-emittance photo-injectors 16 – 23 that consist of a superconducting linear accelerator capable of producing a continuous stream of electron bunches at repetition rates of a few MHz. These injectors also open new horizons for many applications in the physical sciences, materials science, chemistry, health, information technology and security 24 – 28 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of bunch length and temporal distribution using accelerating radio frequency cavity in low-emittance injector

Hwang

Miyajima

Honda

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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We demonstrate an experimental methodology for measuring the temporal distribution of pico-second level electron bunch with low energy using radial electric and azimuthal magnetic fields of an accelerating ($$\hbox {TM}_{01}$$ TM 01 mode) radio frequency (RF) cavity that is used for accelerating electron beams in a linear accelerator. In this new technique, an accelerating RF cavity provides a phase-dependent transverse kick to the electrons, resulting in the linear coupling of the trajectory angle with the longitudinal position inside the bunch. This method does not require additional devices on the beamline since it uses an existing accelerating cavity for the projection of the temporal distribution to the transverse direction. We present the theoretical basis of the proposed method and validate it experimentally in the compact-energy recovery linac accelerator at KEK. Measurements were demonstrated using a 2-cell superconducting booster cavity with a peak on-axis accelerating field ($$E_0$$ E 0 ) of 7.21 MV/m.

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Commissioning of the electron injector for the AWAKE experiment

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Controlled electron injection into beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators employing a co-propagating laser pulse

Controlled electron injection into beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators employing a co-propagating laser pulse

Copper Surface Treatment with deep UV Ultrafast Laser for Improved Photocathode Photoemissive Properties

Measurement of bunch length and temporal distribution using accelerating radio frequency cavity in low-emittance injector

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