Commitment to abstinence and acute stress in relapse to alcohol, opiates, and nicotine.

Hall, Sharon M.; Havassy, Barbara E.; Wasserman, David A.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.58.2.175

Cited by 279 publications

(248 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…For example, 6-month relapse rates for treatment of heroin dependence have been reported at approximately 30% when relapse was defined as daily heroin use, 6 and as high as 90% when relapse was defined as at lease 4 days of use in any 7-day period. 4 The strength of this study is that it compared recidivism rates for drug crimes between methamphetamine users and heroin users. The results of this study demonstrated that the recidivism rate of heroin users was significantly higher than of methamphetamine users.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Llorente et al defined relapse in heroin consumption as using heroin three times in 1 month after 5 months of abstinence. 3 Hall et al 4 and Moore and Budney 5 defined a lapse as the first self-reported use of a substance or a positive substance urine screen finding following an initial 2-week abstinence, and defined relapse as at least 4 days of substance use during any 7-day period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan

Chiang

Chan

Chen

et al. 2006

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Illicit drug users are generally considered both patients and criminals in Taiwan. This study presents drug use behaviors and criminal recidivism of male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan after detoxification at a detention center. This study also examined the relationship between drug use behaviors and subsequent recidivism. Charts and crime records of 794 male patients from the acute detoxification unit in a detention center in northern Taiwan were reviewed. These subjects were incarcerated for methamphetamine or/and heroin use. The authors examined the relationship between the variables collected during detoxification and subsequent recidivism of illicit drug use in the following 5 years after detoxification. Of 794 subjects, 539 (67.9%) were repeat offenders during the following 5 years after detoxification. Their recidivism occurred primarily within the first 2 years after being released into the community. The recidivism rate for heroin users was significantly higher than that of methamphetamine users. Aged under 30 years, a previous criminal record, and a positive urine analyses test for illicit drugs upon entering the detoxification unit were significantly associated with recidivism. Recidivism rates of illicit drug users in Taiwan after detoxification in the detention center were substantially high. The efficacy of detoxification programs at detention centers in Taiwan needs to be re-evaluated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan

Chiang

Chan

Chen

et al. 2006

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…62 One investigation examined a single cohort for relapse and found that negative mood was related to relapse when subjects were questioned after the relapse occurred but that the relation disappeared when the data were examined prospectively. 66 Proposed mechanisms for a causal pathway in the other direction, from smoking to Age-adjusted with respect to the entire cohort population. (1986-1988, 1988-1990, 1990-1992, 1992-1994), age, alcohol intake (none, 0.01-14.9 g/d, 15-29.9 g/d, 30-49.9 g/d, ≥50 g/d), marital status (married vs divorced, widowed, or never married).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men

Miller

Hemenway²,

Rimm³

2000

Am J Public Health

123

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A B S T R A C TObjectives. This study examined the relation between smoking and suicide, controlling for various confounders.Methods. More than 50 000 predominantly White, middle-aged and elderly male health professionals were followed up prospectively with biennial questionnaires from 1986 through 1994. The primary end point was suicide. Characteristics controlled for included age, marital status, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, coffee consumption, and history of cancer.Results. Eighty-two members of the cohort committed suicide during the 8-year follow-up period. In age-adjusted analyses with never smokers as the comparison group, the relative risk of suicide was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8, 2.3) among former smokers, 2.6 (95% CI = 0.9, 7.5) for light smokers (<15 cigarettes/day), and 4.5 (95% CI = 2.3, 8.8) among heavier smokers. After adjustment for potential confounders, the relative risks were 1.4 (95% CI = 0.9, 2.4), 2.5 (95% CI = 0.9, 7.3), and 4.3 (95% CI = 2.2, 8.5), respectively.Conclusion. We found a positive, dose-related association between smoking and suicide among White men. Although inference about causality is not justified, our findings indicate that the smoking-suicide connection is not entirely due to the greater tendency among smokers to be unmarried, to be seden- 1 Although the nature of the relation between cigarette smoking and disease has been most convincingly demonstrated for physical illness, several researchers have linked smoking to mental illness, especially depression. 2-14Almost a dozen studies have shown a significant association between smoking and suicide. However, many of these studies were small and did not control for characteristics common to both smokers and persons who commit suicide.13,15-25 For example, only 2 prospective studies with more than 20 suicides controlled for alcohol intake-and these yielded conflicting results. 18,22 In this article, we present data on more than 50 000 men followed up prospectively for 8 years. Our analysis controlled for several potentially important behavioral, situational, and demographic factors that have been identified in the suicide, smoking, and depression literature. In addition, the investigation evaluated the relation between suicide and smoking, while taking into account changes in smoking status during follow-up. The study also examined prospectively the contribution of developing cancer to the association between smoking and suicide.

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“…In addition, these reports suggest that stress might play an important role in drug relapse (Kosten, Rounsaville, & Kleber, 1986;O'Doherty, 1991 ;Shiffman & W ills, 1985;Whitehead, 1974). Unfortunately, limitations in the experimental design of these studies preclude a discussion of a causal relationship between stress and substance abuse (Hall , Havassy, & Wasserman, 1990;O'Doherty & Davies, 1987). Specifically, these studies are limited by small sample sizes, insufficient control groups, and inadequate appraisal of stress responses (i.e., psychological , physiological, and behavioral assessment).…”

Section: Stress and Drug Self-administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few studies have investigated the mechanisms that might mediate the stress-substance abuse relationship (Grunberg & Baum, 1985;Hall et a/., 1990;O'Doherty & Davies, 1987). Animal paradigms of drug SA provide an opportunity to examine the causal relationship between stress and substance abuse.…”

Section: Stress and Drug Self-administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress, Predictability, and Oral Fentanyl Self-Administration in Female and Male Rats

Klein¹

1995

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This experiment examined the relationship between stress and drug selfadministratioll (SA) in an animal model. Specifically, the effects of predictable and unpredictable footshock stress on oral fentanyl (50 ~g/ml) consumption were examined in 12 female and 12 male Wistar rats using an operant conditioning paradigm. Female rats self-administered significantly greater amounts of fentanyl than did male rats and male rats exhibited more withdrawal behaviors following naloxone challenge. Predictability of a stressor was accompanied by significantly greater fentanyl SA, particularly for female rats. During relapse, animals exposed to predictable stress self-administered significantly less fentanyl during relapse stressor exposure than they did during the testing phase of the experiment. However, animals exposed to unpredictable stress self-administered similar amounts of fentanyl during relapse as they did during the testing phase.

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Commitment to abstinence and acute stress in relapse to alcohol, opiates, and nicotine.

Cited by 279 publications

References 32 publications

Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan

Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan

Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men

Stress, Predictability, and Oral Fentanyl Self-Administration in Female and Male Rats

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