Commitment to germ tube or bud formation during release from stationary phase in Candida albicans

Mitchell, Lee; Soll, David R.

doi:10.1016/0014-4827(79)90547-0

Cited by 97 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Proline was found to be the sole effector of morphogenesis in Lee's medium; the carbon source (glucose), and vitamin (biotin), were only required to maintain growth (Table 1) at pH 3.7, are difficult to reconcile with our data and those of Mitchell & Soll (1979). Morphogenesis in Lee's medium is pH dependent (Mitchell & Soll, 1979).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

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Proline-induced Germ-tube Formation in Candida albicans: Role of Proline Uptake and Nitrogen Metabolism

Holmes

Shepherd²

1987

Microbiology

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Proline-induced germ-tu be formation and cell-cell aggregation in four strains of Candida albicans were completely inhibited when the pH of the medium was 5.0 or lower, whereas morphogenesis induced by N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) was unaffected even at pH 4.5. The pH sensitivity of proline-induced germ-tube formation was not caused by a modulation of proline uptake, which was unchanged over the pH range 4.5-6.5. The proline uptake system was specific, constitutive and subject to ammonium repression, and only one permease was detected, with a K, of 179 p~. Cultures deprived of nitrogen in the presence of glucose were derepressed for proline uptake but the yeast-mycelial transition could not be mediated by either proline or GlcNAc. The inhibition of morphogenesis was reversed when the nitrogen starvation was relieved by the addition of ammonium ions, proline, or certain amino acids. These results indicate that the nitrogen status of the cells is critical for the morphogenesis of C. albicans.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…Morphogenesis in Lee's medium is pH dependent (Mitchell & Soll, 1979). We have shown a similar sensitivity to pH for germ-tube formation in a simple buffered proline solution, whereas GlcNAc induction was unaffected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Proline-induced Germ-tube Formation in Candida albicans: Role of Proline Uptake and Nitrogen Metabolism

Holmes

Shepherd²

1987

Microbiology

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“…It has been reported that there is a point of phenotypic commitment in the cell cycle for setting the mode of mycelial outgrowth: small budded cells initiate hyphae as extensions of the buds, whereas large budded cells only evaginate in the next cell cycle (Mitchell and Soll, 1979). This suggests that later stages of the cell cycle may prohibit hyphal evagination.…”

Section: Cells In Phases Other Than G 1 Can Be Induced To Form Hyphaementioning

confidence: 99%

Hyphal Elongation Is Regulated Independently of Cell Cycle inCandida albicans

Hazan

Sepulveda-Becerra

Liu

2002

MBoC

105

138

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The mechanism for apical growth during hyphal morphogenesis in Candida albicans is unknown. Studies from Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate that cell morphogenesis may involve cell cycle regulation by cyclin-dependent kinase. To examine whether this is the mechanism for hyphal morphogenesis, the temporal appearance of different spindle pole body and spindle structures, the cell cycle-regulated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, and the phosphorylation state of the conserved Tyr19 of Cdc28 during the cell cycle were compared and found to be similar between yeast and serum-induced hyphal apical cells. These data suggest that hyphal elongation is not mediated by altering cell cycle progression or through phosphorylation of Tyr19 of Cdc28. We have also shown that germ tubes can evaginate before spindle pole body duplication, chitin ring formation, and DNA replication. Similarly, tip-associated actin polarization in each hypha occurs before the events of the G 1 /S transition and persists throughout the cell cycle, whereas cell cycle-regulated actin assemblies come and go. We have also shown that cells in phases other than G 1 can be induced to form hyphae. Hyphae induced from G 1 cells have no constrictions, and the first chitin ring is positioned in the germ tube at various distances from the base. Hyphae induced from budded cells have a constriction and a chitin ring at the bud neck, beyond which the hyphae continue to elongate with no further constrictions. Our data suggest that hyphal elongation and cell cycle morphogenesis programs are uncoupled, and each contributes to different aspects of cell morphogenesis. INTRODUCTIONCandida albicans is a polymorphic fungal pathogen that undergoes reversible morphogenetic transitions among budding, pseudohyphal, and hyphal growth forms (Odds, 1985). Its ability to switch between yeast and hyphal growth forms is directly related to its virulence, because mutants defective in hyphal growth are less virulent in mouse models than are their wild-type counterparts (Leberer et al., 1997;Lo et al., 1997;Gale et al., 1998). Hyphae may be suited to breach barriers in the host, whereas the yeast form is more easily disseminated within the host. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms for this morphogenetic switch should provide insight into the pathogenicity of this fungus.During hyphal growth in C. albicans, cell surface expansion is restricted to a small region at the hyphal tip. This apical growth zone is active during the entire hyphal growth period (Staebell and Soll, 1985). In contrast, yeast-form cells expand from a small area in a mostly apical manner only at the initial stage of budding. When the bud has reached a critical size, apical growth shuts down and general (isotropic) expansion takes place (Staebell and Soll, 1985). The localization of the actin cytoskeleton in yeast and hyphal cells reflects these differences in morphogenesis. Polarization of the actin cytoskeleton to the hyphal tip is observed in all hyphal cells (Anderson and Soll, 1986). However, in yeast-...

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“…Cultivation in rich media with a low pH at temperatures up to 30 °C favours growth as yeasts, whereas hyphal formation is triggered by nitrogen starvation, the presence of serum and 5 % CO 2 , and an increase of temperature to 37 °C and a neutral pH (Mitchell and Soll, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of inhibitors of yeast-to-hyphae transition in Candida albicans by a reporter screening assay

Heintz‐Buschart¹,

Eickhoff²,

Hohn³

et al. 2013

Journal of Biotechnology

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Candida albicans is one of the most common opportunistic fungal pathogens, causing lifethreatening disease in immunocompromised patients. As it is not primarily a pathogen, but can exist in a commensal state, we aimed at the identification of new anti-infective compounds which do not eradicate the fungus, but primarily disable a virulence determinant. The yeast-hyphae-dimorphism of C. albicans is considered a major contributor to fungal disease, as mutants locked into either yeast or hyphal state have been shown to be less virulent in the mouse-model.We devised a high-throughput screening procedure which allows us to find inhibitors of the induction of hyphae. Hyphae-formation was induced by nitrogen starvation at 37 °C and neutral pH in a reporter strain, which couples promotor activity of the hyphae-specific HWP1 to β-

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Commitment to germ tube or bud formation during release from stationary phase in Candida albicans

Cited by 97 publications

References 13 publications

Proline-induced Germ-tube Formation in Candida albicans: Role of Proline Uptake and Nitrogen Metabolism

Proline-induced Germ-tube Formation in Candida albicans: Role of Proline Uptake and Nitrogen Metabolism

Hyphal Elongation Is Regulated Independently of Cell Cycle inCandida albicans

Identification of inhibitors of yeast-to-hyphae transition in Candida albicans by a reporter screening assay

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