Commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants from Turkey

Bragard, Claude; Dehnen‐Schmutz, Katharina; Serio, Francesco Di; Jacques, Marie‐Agnès; Miret, Josep Anton Jaques; Justesen, Annemarie Fejer; MacLeod, Alan; Magnusson, Christer Sven; Milonas, Panagiotis; Navas‐Cortés, Juan A; Parnell, Stephen; Potting, Roel; Reignault, Philippe Lucien; Thulke, Hans‐Hermann; Werf, Wopke Van der; Civera, Antonio Vicent; Yuen, Jonathan; Zappalà, Lucia; Battisti, Andrea; Mas, Hugo; Rigling, Daniel; Faccoli, Massimo; Iacopetti, Giovanni; Mikulová, Alžběta; Mosbach‐Schulz, Olaf; Stergulc, Fabio; Gonthier, Paolo

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6665

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The introduction of G. musculana in all its development stages may occur through plants for planting, cut branches, fruits (nuts), wood with bark (EFSA PLH Panel, 2021 ) and isolated bark; Yıldız et al. ( 2018 ) considered wood with bark at high risk for transport between countries.…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the growing season, eggs and larvae can be transported in green husk fruits, potted seedlings, cut branches, plants for planting and grafts. Pupae can spread throughout the year by transporting trunks and logs of walnut with bark (EFSA PLH Panel, 2021 ). While damaged fruits are considered at low risk as they are less likely to be traded, cut branches and plants for planting, especially green saplings for planting, are at higher risk because they possibly carry eggs and living larvae (EPPO, online‐e ; Bostancı et al., 2019 , 2021 ).…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can reduce fruit yields by 70%–80%. This leads directly to economic damage in commercial walnut orchards (Bostancı et al., 2019 ; Bozkurt et al., 2018 ; EFSA PLH Panel, 2021 ; Yıldız et al., 2018 ; Yoğurtçu & Kaçar, 2022 ). When fruit set is low, the larvae feed in young shoots causing them to weaken, especially in young trees (EPPO, online‐f ).…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This pest categorisation was initiated following the commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants for planting from Türkiye performed by EFSA (EFSA PLH Panel, 2021 ), in which G. musculana was identified as a relevant non‐regulated EU pest which could potentially enter the EU on J. regia plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pest categorisation of Garella musculana

Bragard,

Baptista,

Chatzivassiliou

et al. 2024

EFS2

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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to conduct a pest categorisation of Garella musculana (Erschov) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), following a commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants for planting from Türkiye, in which G. musculana was identified as a pest of possible concern to the European Union (EU). Commonly known as the Asian walnut moth, this pest is native to Central Asia and develops on shoots, buds and fruits of Juglans species such as the English walnut, J. regia and the black walnut, J. nigra. Other reported host plants, such as Prunus dulcis and Populus spp., still require confirmation. The pest was first recorded in the EU (Bulgaria) in 2016 and was then reported in Romania in 2018 and Italy in 2021. This moth completes from one to four generations per year depending on environmental conditions (from valley to mountain forests and orchards up to an altitude of 2100 m). Eggs are laid in groups of 2-3 on young nuts or on buds of 1-year-old shoots. Neonate larvae usually enter the young nut through the peduncle. After fully exploiting one nut, the larva continues feeding in another one. Development takes 25-40 days. Larvae of the autumn generation do not enter the nuts, and so feed only in the pericarp. Larvae also often feed inside 1-year-old shoots or leaf axils. Larvae develop within the host but exit to pupate under loose bark or in deep cracks of bark. The pest overwinters at the larval or pupal stages. Plants for planting, cut branches and infested nuts provide pathways for entry. Climatic conditions and availability of host plants in southern and central EU MSs have allowed this species to establish and spread in Bulgaria, Romania and Italy. Adults can fly and the pest could spread naturally within the EU. Impact on Juglans spp. cultivated for fruit, timber and ornamental purposes is anticipated. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and further spread of G. musculana. This species meets the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

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Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pest categorisation of Garella musculana

Bragard,

Baptista,

Chatzivassiliou

et al. 2024

EFS2

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“…The pest categorisation was initiated following the commodity risk assessments of Persea americana from Israel (EFSA PLH Panel, 2021a) and of Juglans regia from Türkiye (EFSA PLH Panel, 2021b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, a clearly defined fungus of the family Botryosphaeriaceae, which was first described in 2008 as a cryptic species within the L. theobromae complex. The pathogen affects a wide range of woody perennial crops and ornamental plants causing root rot, damping‐off, leaf spots, twig blight, cankers, stem‐end rot, gummosis, branch dieback and pre‐ and post‐harvest fruit rots. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae is present in Africa, Asia, North and South America and Oceania and has also been reported from Spain with a restricted distribution. However, there is uncertainty on the status of the pathogen worldwide and in the EU because in the past, when molecular tools (particularly multigene phylogenetic analysis) were not available, the pathogen might have been misidentified as L. theobromae. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 and there are no interceptions in the EU. Because of the very wide host range of the pathogen, this pest categorisation focused on those hosts for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequence analysis. Plants for planting, including seeds, fresh fruits and bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other plant‐growing media are the main pathways for the further entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the further establishment of the pathogen. In the area of its present distribution, including Spain, the pathogen has a direct impact on cultivated hosts. multilocus measures are available to prevent the further introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.

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First report of Garella musculana (Erschov, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) in Italy with insights into its identity

Scaccini

Bramuzzo²,

Bostancı³

et al. 2022

J Applied Entomology

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The Asian walnut moth, Garella musculana (Erschov, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), is a major pest of walnut. Native to Central Asia, it was found to be invasive in 2008 in Sevastopol (Crimea) and nowadays widespread in Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and Russia. Here, we account for the finding of G. musculana in NE Italy (Veneto region) in 2021, where adults were found in a light lamp, representing the first record of the Asian walnut moth for this country and Western Europe. Adult specimens were identified morphologically on both external characters and genitalia features. G. musculana larvae and damage were also observed on a plantation of Juglans regia L. (Fagales: Juglandaceae) located in Veneto in October 2021. A COI‐barcoding analysis was performed to attain a molecular characterization of our specimens and probate our morphological identification. However, because no sequence of G. musculana was present in major gene databases and the similarity of our sequences with those attributed to Garella ruficirra (Hampson, 1905) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) made clear that these taxa deserved further scrutiny regarding their specific distinction. Some subtle differences in the male terminalia could be found between them and their vast geographic distributions, but the strong similarity in most features calls for further morphological and genetical insights on a broad set of samples to assess whether they represent two closely related, substantially parapatric species, or a unique, geographically varying entity. Solving this issue may turn out crucial in the identification and proper management of walnut moths of the genus Garella.

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Commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants from Turkey

Cited by 5 publications

References 39 publications

Pest categorisation of Garella musculana

Pest categorisation of Garella musculana

Pest categorisation of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae

First report of Garella musculana (Erschov, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) in Italy with insights into its identity

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