Common and divergent molecular mechanisms of fasting and ketogenic diets

Paoli, Antonio; Tinsley, Grant M.; Mattson, Mark P.; De Vivo, Immaculata; Dhawan, Ravi; Moro, Tatiana

doi:10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.001

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…Therefore, to prevent extensive loss of lean mass, it is most important that the brain, a significant consumer of glucose, switches its energy source from glucose to ketone bodies produced through increased fat oxidation [22]. Ketone bodies not only function as an alternative energy substrate but can also activate the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which increases the mitochondrial oxidation of fa y acids while simultaneously inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in skeletal tissue [23]. mTORC1 plays a crucial role in integrating growth and metabolism by responding to nutrient levels and growth signals [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mTORC1 plays a crucial role in integrating growth and metabolism by responding to nutrient levels and growth signals [24]. The inhibition of mTORC1 aims to suppress energyconsuming protein synthesis in skeletal muscle tissue during glucose scarcity [23]. In summary, following a ketogenic LCHF diet impacts both fat and lean mass through hormonal changes and the molecular effects of elevated ketone bodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial

Burén,

Svensson,

Liv

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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This study investigates the effects of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet on body composition in healthy, young, normal-weight women. With the increasing interest in ketogenic diets for their various health benefits, this research aims to understand their impact on body composition, focusing on women who are often underrepresented in such studies. Conducting a randomized controlled feeding trial with a crossover design, this study compares a ketogenic LCHF diet to a Swedish National Food Agency (NFA)-recommended control diet over four weeks. Seventeen healthy, young, normal-weight women adhered strictly to the provided diets, with ketosis confirmed through blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was utilized for precise body composition measurements. To avoid bias, all statistical analyses were performed blind. The findings reveal that the ketogenic LCHF diet led to a significant reduction in both lean mass (−1.45 kg 95% CI: [−1.90;−1.00]; p < 0.001) and fat mass (−0.66 kg 95% CI: [−1.00;−0.32]; p < 0.001) compared to the control diet, despite similar energy intake and physical activity levels. This study concludes that while the ketogenic LCHF diet is effective for weight loss, it disproportionately reduces lean mass over fat mass, suggesting the need for concurrent strength training to mitigate muscle loss in women following this diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial

Burén,

Svensson,

Liv

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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show abstract

“…Furthermore, adiponectin could increase liver glycogenase activity, which also enhances NADH production via glycolysis, indirectly activating AMPK [82]. As a final point, intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets may also activate AMPK and/or inhibit the mTOR pathway, contributing to the suppression of oxidative stress and/or inflammation levels through boosting mitochondrial plasticity [83].…”

Section: Some Molecules Involved In the Regulation Of Ampkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous and Endogenous Molecules Potentially Proficient to Modulate Mitophagy in Cardiac Disorders

Nakashima,

Suga,

Matsuda

2024

Kinases and Phosphatases

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It has been proposed that procedures which upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy by replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy ones may prevent the development of several heart diseases. A member of serine and threonine kinases, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), could play essential roles in the autophagy and/or mitophagy. AMPK is widely distributed in various cells, which might play diverse regulatory roles in different tissues and/or organs. In fact, changes in the kinase function of AMPK due to alteration of activity have been linked with diverse pathologies including cardiac disorders. AMPK can regulate mitochondrial biogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) signaling and also improve oxidative mitochondrial metabolism through inhibition of mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which may also modulate the autophagy/mitophagy through autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) and/or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling. Therefore, the modulation of AMPK in autophagy/mitophagy pathway might probably be thought as a therapeutic tactic for several cardiac disorders. As kinases are amongst the most controllable proteins, in general, the design of small molecules targeting kinases might be an eye-catching avenue to modulate cardiac function. Some analyses of the molecular biology underlying mitophagy suggest that nutraceuticals and/or drugs including specific AMPK modulator as well as physical exercise and/or dietary restriction that could modulate AMPK may be useful against several heart diseases. These observations may virtually be limited to preclinical studies. Come to think of these, however, it is speculated that some nutraceutical regimens might have positive potential for managing some of cardiac disorders.

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“…Additionally, the KD was initially employed for managing refractory epilepsy and has progressively extended its application to encompass other neurological disorders [ 84 ], such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s diseases. With the advancement of medical technology and sports science, there are several studies that have demonstrated the potential of this dietary pattern in enhancing sports performance in some ways [ 85 , 86 , 87 ]. Nevertheless, this diet still has some limitations; for example, the ability of muscle to use glycogen for oxidation is impaired after long-term ketoadaptation, leading to an inability to utilize the available glycogen, which provides a more effective energy source when the oxygen supply becomes limiting.…”

Section: The Influence Of Several Typical Dietary Patterns On the Gut...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Patterns, Gut Microbiota and Sports Performance in Athletes: A Narrative Review

Chen,

Yang,

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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The intestinal tract of humans harbors a dynamic and complex bacterial community known as the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in regulating functions such as metabolism and immunity in the human body. Numerous studies conducted in recent decades have also highlighted the significant potential of the gut microbiota in promoting human health. It is widely recognized that training and nutrition strategies are pivotal factors that allow athletes to achieve optimal performance. Consequently, there has been an increasing focus on whether training and dietary patterns influence sports performance through their impact on the gut microbiota. In this review, we aim to present the concept and primary functions of the gut microbiota, explore the relationship between exercise and the gut microbiota, and specifically examine the popular dietary patterns associated with athletes’ sports performance while considering their interaction with the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which dietary patterns affect sports performance from a nutritional perspective, aiming to elucidate the intricate interplay among dietary patterns, the gut microbiota, and sports performance. We have found that the precise application of specific dietary patterns (ketogenic diet, plant-based diet, high-protein diet, Mediterranean diet, and high intake of carbohydrate) can improve vascular function and reduce the risk of illness in health promotion, etc., as well as promoting recovery and controlling weight with regard to improving sports performance, etc. In conclusion, although it can be inferred that certain aspects of an athlete’s ability may benefit from specific dietary patterns mediated by the gut microbiota to some extent, further high-quality clinical studies are warranted to substantiate these claims and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

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Common and divergent molecular mechanisms of fasting and ketogenic diets

Cited by 9 publications

References 160 publications

Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial

Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial

Exogenous and Endogenous Molecules Potentially Proficient to Modulate Mitophagy in Cardiac Disorders

Dietary Patterns, Gut Microbiota and Sports Performance in Athletes: A Narrative Review

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