“…The diverse functional roles of the insula may emerge from its heavy connectivity to an extensive network of cortical and subcortical areas (Benarroch, 2019 ; Cauda et al, 2011 ; Cloutman et al, 2012 ; Gasquoine, 2014 ; Ghaziri et al, 2017 ; Gogolla, 2017 ; Taylor et al, 2009 ). Moreover, a large number of clinical neuroimaging studies have identified the insula as a core region affected across many psychiatric and neurological conditions including, but not limited to, autism (Lukito et al, 2020 ; Nomi et al, 2019 ; Uddin & Menon, 2009 ), schizophrenia (Qi et al, 2022 ; Sheffield et al, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2022 ; Zhu et al, 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , 2020 ; Zhuo, Zhu, Qin, et al, 2017 ), depression (Kim & Han, 2021 ; Nord et al, 2021 ; Yu et al, 2020 ; Zhuo, Zhu, Wang, et al, 2017 ), addiction (Ghahremani et al, 2021 ; Perez Diaz et al, 2021 ; Qiu & Wang, 2021 ; Turel et al, 2021 ; Wei et al, 2017 ), anxiety disorders (Chavanne & Robinson, 2021 ; Cui et al, 2020 ; Feurer et al, 2021 ), Parkinson's disease (Carey et al, 2021 ; Pan et al, 2022 ; Tremblay et al, 2020 ), frontotemporal dementia (Gordon et al, 2016 ; Mandelli et al, 2016 ; Panman et al, 2019 ) and Alzheimer's disease (Jones et al, 2019 ; Liu et al, 2018 ; Nunez et al, 2020 ), highlighting its critical involvement in cross‐disorder neuropathological mechanisms. Collectively, these empirical insights from brain structural and functional data have exposed the insula as an integral component of behavior in various non‐disease and disease states, such that this brain structure has gained considerable attention in basic and clinical neuroscience.…”