Common Breast Complaints [Gynecomastia, Breast Asymmetry, Galactorrhea]

Shahid, Nabiha; Gurtünca, Nursen

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52215-5_13

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…Compared to AIS, Poland Syndrome is congenital, and affects the chest wall and shoulder along with other upper limb parts. Poland Syndrome is a congenital disease that ultimately affects the chest wall [25]. Something both AIS and Poland syndrome have in common is the effect of chest wall positioning.…”

Section: Fluctuating Asymmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of breast development and asymmetry

et al. 2022

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Etiology of breast development and asymmetry is a fascinating research topic physiologically as well as pathophysiology from a certain condition. The shape, contour, and size of the breast are unique to each female. These factors are influenced by genetics, weight, exercise, menstruation cycles, pregnancy, menopause status, and age. An attempt was made to research the breast development at fetal development and transitioning into adulthood and menopause. Additionally, we compare breast development in males to the developments in females. Something that almost everyone experiences is breast asymmetry. Although breast asymmetry is experienced by all women, it ranges from grossly undetectable to the need for surgical intervention. It is thought that breast asymmetry has intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine the type and the extent of asymmetry observed. Hormones at play and their effect on breast asymmetry throughout breast development has been charted. Breast asymmetry is most often secondary to benign breast disorders and unassociated with a risk for malignancy. As the perception of one’s body image is an integral part of self-confidence, breast asymmetry has the potential to affect every woman’s quality of life, regardless of the degree of asymmetry. Throughout this effort, our aim was to analyze and understand breast development in males and females, breast changes from the prepubertal to post-menopausal period, benign pathological changes, summarizing the etiologies of breast asymmetry, and their effects on quality of life.

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Section: Fluctuating Asymmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%