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Background Internal hemorrhoids (IH) is a common medical condition that can result in morbidity secondary to bleeding and discomfort. Treatment for IH has traditionally consisted of dietary and conservative medical management, focal treatments including banding and sclerotherapy or hemorrhoidectomy. Recently, rectal artery embolization (RAE) has been studied as a potential treatment for bleeding predominant IH. We performed a common design and data element analysis of studies that report on RAE. Materials and methods We conducted a qualitative systematic literature review for rectal artery embolization (RAE) for symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease. The screening process involved five online databases (PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and Scopus). Additionally, ClinicalTrials.gov was examined for active, unpublished completed studies. The initial search yielded 2000 studies, with 15 studies meeting the inclusion criteria after screening and assessment. The included studies comprised one RCT, one case series, one pilot study and 12 cohort studies. Results The population analysis revealed a male predominance across all studies, with varying cohort sizes. The baseline Goligher hemorrhoid grade was utilized in 80% of studies. The majority (73.3%) employed a transfemoral approach, and coils were the primary embolic material in 60% of studies, 26.6% were combination of coils and particles, and 6.6% were particles only. Patient selection criteria highlighted RAE's applicability for high surgical risk patients and those with anemia, chronic hematochezia, or treatment-refractory cases. Exclusion criteria emphasized factors such as previous surgeries, colorectal cancer, rectal prolapse, acute hemorrhoidal complications, and contrast allergy. Study designs varied, with cohort studies being the most common (12/15; 80%). Procedural details included the use of metallic coils and detachable micro-coils, with a high technical success rate reported in most studies ranging from 72 to 100%. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 18 months. The majority of studies reported no major immediate or post-procedural complications. Conclusion While all studies focused on RAE as a treatment for IH, there was a great degree of heterogeneity among included studies, particularly regarding inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, outcomes measures and timeframe. Future literature should attempt to standardize these design elements to help facilitate secondary analyses and increase understanding of RAE as a treatment option.
Background Internal hemorrhoids (IH) is a common medical condition that can result in morbidity secondary to bleeding and discomfort. Treatment for IH has traditionally consisted of dietary and conservative medical management, focal treatments including banding and sclerotherapy or hemorrhoidectomy. Recently, rectal artery embolization (RAE) has been studied as a potential treatment for bleeding predominant IH. We performed a common design and data element analysis of studies that report on RAE. Materials and methods We conducted a qualitative systematic literature review for rectal artery embolization (RAE) for symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease. The screening process involved five online databases (PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and Scopus). Additionally, ClinicalTrials.gov was examined for active, unpublished completed studies. The initial search yielded 2000 studies, with 15 studies meeting the inclusion criteria after screening and assessment. The included studies comprised one RCT, one case series, one pilot study and 12 cohort studies. Results The population analysis revealed a male predominance across all studies, with varying cohort sizes. The baseline Goligher hemorrhoid grade was utilized in 80% of studies. The majority (73.3%) employed a transfemoral approach, and coils were the primary embolic material in 60% of studies, 26.6% were combination of coils and particles, and 6.6% were particles only. Patient selection criteria highlighted RAE's applicability for high surgical risk patients and those with anemia, chronic hematochezia, or treatment-refractory cases. Exclusion criteria emphasized factors such as previous surgeries, colorectal cancer, rectal prolapse, acute hemorrhoidal complications, and contrast allergy. Study designs varied, with cohort studies being the most common (12/15; 80%). Procedural details included the use of metallic coils and detachable micro-coils, with a high technical success rate reported in most studies ranging from 72 to 100%. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 18 months. The majority of studies reported no major immediate or post-procedural complications. Conclusion While all studies focused on RAE as a treatment for IH, there was a great degree of heterogeneity among included studies, particularly regarding inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, outcomes measures and timeframe. Future literature should attempt to standardize these design elements to help facilitate secondary analyses and increase understanding of RAE as a treatment option.
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) affects millions worldwide, leading to pain and reduced quality of life. Conventional treatments often fail to provide adequate relief, necessitating new therapeutic approaches. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of genicular artery embolization (GAE) using permanent microspheres in patients with mild-to-moderate knee OA. In this prospective, single-center study, 17 participants underwent GAE. KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score), WOMAC (The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index), and IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) scores, along with physical performance tests, medication use, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, were assessed at baseline and at multiple follow-up points over six months. The primary endpoint, VAS at six months, showed significant improvement (median reduction from 66 mm to 40 mm, p = 0.0004). All pain and function scores, as well as physical performance tests, improved significantly. No clinically relevant changes in medication use or DEXA parameters were observed after six months. Only minor, self-limiting adverse events occurred. This study indicates that GAE is a promising minimally invasive treatment for knee OA, providing significant pain relief and functional improvement. However, further long-term, randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings and establish optimal patient selection criteria.
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