2008
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8573-5
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Common evolution of waprin and kunitz-like toxin families in Australian venomous snakes

Abstract: The venoms of Australian snakes contain a myriad of pharmacologically active toxin components. This study describes the identification and comparative analysis of two distinct toxin families, the kunitztype serine protease inhibitors and waprins, and demonstrates a previously unknown evolutionary link between the two. Multiple cDNA and full-length gene isoforms were cloned and shown to be composed of three exons separated by two introns. A high degree of identity was observed solely within the first exon which… Show more

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Cited by 43 publications
(43 citation statements)
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“…Of note, hemotoxic effects are rarely observed in envenomation by Asiatic elapids due to the absence of procoagulant and hemorrhagic enzymes in their venoms [27]. On the other hand, the identification of Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (~7%, KSPI) in this study is in agreement with previous findings of KSPI from transcription activity in the venom-gland [28] and protein isolation from the venom [29] of Australian tiger snake. The role of KSPI in N. scutatus envenomation is unclear but potentially related to the facilitation of presynaptic neurotoxicity through ion channel inhibition and chaperoning the neurotoxic PLA 2 s [30,31].…”
Section: Proteome Of Notechis Scutatus Venomsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…Of note, hemotoxic effects are rarely observed in envenomation by Asiatic elapids due to the absence of procoagulant and hemorrhagic enzymes in their venoms [27]. On the other hand, the identification of Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (~7%, KSPI) in this study is in agreement with previous findings of KSPI from transcription activity in the venom-gland [28] and protein isolation from the venom [29] of Australian tiger snake. The role of KSPI in N. scutatus envenomation is unclear but potentially related to the facilitation of presynaptic neurotoxicity through ion channel inhibition and chaperoning the neurotoxic PLA 2 s [30,31].…”
Section: Proteome Of Notechis Scutatus Venomsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…Inter-specific variation is evident in the P3-P3' domain as well as the hairpin turn between beta sheets (residues 66-70) of all isoforms ( Figure 3). Textilinin-1,-2,-3 and -4 from a previous report [39] were identified in this study, as well as two more (textilinin -8 -9;…”
Section: Accepted M Manuscriptsupporting
confidence: 54%
“…textilis venom that show variation in the P3-P3' motif [39]. Textilinin-1 and -2 showed plasmin inhibition with both peptides containing an arginine residue at P1 while textilinin-3 (P1-asparagine) showed no inhibition [40].…”
Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A great variety of BPTI transcripts were already described in elapid venom gland transcriptomes and some of them present an additional BPTI or wheyacidic-protein (WAP) domain St Pierre et al, 2008). WAP are peptides from the I17 serine proteases inhibitors family, found in large amounts in many mammals milk, and contain a domain found in many other proteins (Bingle et al, 2002;Hennighausen and Sippel, 1982).…”
Section: Serine Protease Inhibitors Peptides: Kunitz-like and Wapmentioning
confidence: 99%