In this paper, we study an inverse source problem of the bioluminescence
tomography in three dimensional case. Our aim is to reconstruct a
bioluminescent source distribution within a body from the knowledge of the
boundary measurements. The inverse source problem is reformulated as a
topology optimization one minimizing an energy like type functional. It
measures the difference between the solutions of two auxiliary boundary value
problems. An asymptotic expansion of the considered functional with respect
to a set of ball-shaped anomalies is computed using the topological
sensitivity analysis method. The obtained theoretical result leads to build
a non-iterative reconstruction algorithm. Finally, some numerical examples
in 3D are presented in order to show the effectiveness of the devised
reconstruction algorithm.