Common multiple primary cancers associated with breast and gynecologic cancers: A review

Abstract

The mammary glands are closely related to the female reproductive system. Due to various factors including increased survival of patients with breast cancer (BC), there is an increased probability of developing additional primary gynecologic cancers such as ovarian cancer (OC), endometrial cancer (EC), and cervical cancer (CC). Multiple primary cancers (MPCs) refer to two or more different primary malignancies occurring in the same or different organs in the same patient. This review discusses the common types of BC-associated MPCs, namely, BC associated with OC, EC, or CC, as well as risk factors, clinical classifications, pathology, treatment, and prognosis.