“…Despite the growing literature on ICO and its effect on firm behavior, little research directly investigates the impact of ICO on firm value. One explanation for this lack of research is that ICO may affect firm valuation and performance in various ways, such as through product market competition (He & Huang, 2017), corporate governance (Edmans, Levit, & Reilly, 2019; He, Huang, & Zhao, 2018; Kang, Luo, & Na, 2018), innovation (Borochin, Yang, & Zhang, 2018; Chemmanur, Shen, & Xie, 2016; Freeman, 2018; López & Vives, 2019), mergers and acquisitions (Brooks, Chen, & Zeng, 2018), financial reporting and voluntary disclosure (He et al., 2018; Park, Sani, Shroff, & White, 2018; Pawliczek & Skinner, 2018; Jung, 2013), and cash holdings (Semov, 2017). It is, therefore, difficult to identify accurately through which channel(s) common ownership affects firm value.…”