Common Principles of Motor Control in Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Pearson, K. G.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001405

Cited by 539 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Most remarkable is the fact that after pymetrozine application, and with the resulting complete absence of sensory feedback from the fCO, walking-like movements are possible at all. The fCO plays a crucial role in current models of leg motor control (reviews, for example, in Büschges, 2005;Cruse et al, 1995), for instance the transition from swing to stance phases (see also review in Pearson, 1993). The present results suggest that our current picture of insect leg motor control may not be complete yet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

The insecticide pymetrozine selectively affects chordotonal mechanoreceptors

Ausborn

Wolf

Mader

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Pymetrozine is a neuroactive insecticide but its site of action in the nervous system is unknown. Based on previous studies of symptoms in the locust, the feedback loop controlling the femur-tibia joint of the middle leg was chosen to examine possible targets of the insecticide. The femoral chordotonal organ, which monitors joint position and movement, turned out to be the primary site of pymetrozine action, while interneurons, motoneurons and central motor control circuitry in general did not noticeably respond to the insecticide. The chordotonal organs associated with the wing hinge stretch receptor and the tegula were influenced by pymetrozine in the same way as the femoral chordotonal organ, indicating that the insecticide affects chordotonal sensillae in general.Pymetrozine at concentrations down to 10 -8 ·mol·l -1 resulted in the loss of stimulus-related responses and either elicited (temporary) tonic discharges or eliminated spike activity altogether. Remarkably, pymetrozine affected the chordotonal organs in an all-or-none fashion, in agreement with previous independent studies. Other examined sense organs did not respond to pymetrozine, namely campaniform sensillae on the tibia and the subcosta vein, hair sensillae of the tegula (type I sensillae), and the wing hinge stretch receptor (type II sensillae).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

The insecticide pymetrozine selectively affects chordotonal mechanoreceptors

Ausborn

Wolf

Mader

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…For several species, including crayfish and cat, it was proposed that the same neural mechanism ('motor pro gram') is used for both forward and backward walking (FW and BW, respectively; for review see [89,90]). Several studies on BW in the cat [38,91,92], indicated that FW and BW could both be controlled by the same pattern generator.…”

Section: Backward Walkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural control of locomotion; Part 1: The central pattern generator from cats to humans

1998

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In the last years it has become possible to regain some locomotor activity in patients suffering from an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) through intense training on a treadmill. The ideas behind this approach owe much to insights derived from animal studies. Many studies showed that cats with complete spinal cord transection can recover locomotor function. These observations were at the basis of the concept of the central pattern generator (CPG) located at spinal level. The evidence for such a spinal CPG in cats and primates (including man) is reviewed in part 1, with special emphasis on some very recent developments which support the view that there is a human spinal CPG for locomotion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, determining how differing patterns of activity in these spinal projection neurons produce different motor outputs has proved to be difficult. 23,24 , the actual command is encoded in distributed activity throughout the population of control neurons 2 .The swimming behaviors of zebrafish, including the complex sequence of turns and swims that make up the escape response, can be broken down into basic kinematic elements 8 . It is possible that the motor commands for these basic behaviors originate from distinct populations of neurons, which when combined would appear as a `distributed command'.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Control of visually guided behavior by distinct populations of spinal projection neurons

et al. 2008

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A basic question in the field of motor control is how different actions are represented by activity in spinal projection neurons. We used a new behavioral assay to identify visual stimuli that specifically drive basic motor patterns in zebrafish. These stimuli evoked consistent patterns of neural activity in the neurons projecting to the spinal cord, which we could map throughout the entire population using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. We found that stimuli that drive distinct behaviors activated distinct subsets of projection neurons, consisting, in some cases, of just a few cells. This stands in contrast to the distributed activation seen for more complex behaviors. Furthermore, targeted cell by cell ablations of the neurons associated with evoked turns abolished the corresponding behavioral response. This description of the functional organization of the zebrafish motor system provides a framework for identifying the complete circuit underlying a vertebrate behavior.In a behaving animal, the brain communicates its intentions to muscles via the pattern of activity in descending projection neurons 1 . In vertebrates, these cells respond to the detection and processing of sensory stimuli and transmit their motor command to the local networks of the spinal cord, which in turn initiate and coordinate muscle contraction 2 . A fundamental question in neuroscience is how the commands that initiate behaviors are encoded in the activation of these projection neurons 3-5 .The spinal projection system of fish provides an excellent model for studying this code 6 . A diverse range of swimming behaviors can be seen in 6-d-old zebrafish 7-9 that are mediated by a descending projection to the spinal cord consisting of fewer than 300 neurons 10,11 . These neurons are easily labeled with fluorescent indicators 12 , optically accessible with modern imaging techniques and arranged in a stereotyped pattern such that the same cells or groups of cells can easily be identified from one fish to the next 13 . These neurons are morphologically diverse, with distinct dendritic fields and axonal projection patterns 13,14 , suggesting that they serve different behavioral functions. Nevertheless, determining how differing patterns of activity in these spinal projection neurons produce different motor outputs has proved to be difficult. 23,24 , the actual command is encoded in distributed activity throughout the population of control neurons 2 .The swimming behaviors of zebrafish, including the complex sequence of turns and swims that make up the escape response, can be broken down into basic kinematic elements 8 . It is possible that the motor commands for these basic behaviors originate from distinct populations of neurons, which when combined would appear as a `distributed command'. We found that whole-field visual motion, with the direction dynamically locked to the fish's body axis, is able to selectively evoke some of these basic swim patterns. Calcium imaging of stimulus-evoked responses in the complete population of n...

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Common Principles of Motor Control in Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Cited by 539 publications

References 115 publications

The insecticide pymetrozine selectively affects chordotonal mechanoreceptors

The insecticide pymetrozine selectively affects chordotonal mechanoreceptors

Neural control of locomotion; Part 1: The central pattern generator from cats to humans

Control of visually guided behavior by distinct populations of spinal projection neurons

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