Common Problems and Pitfalls in Fluid Inclusion Study: A Review and Discussion

Chi, Guoxiang; Diamond, Larryn W.; Huanzhang, Lu; Lai, Jin; Chu, Hong

doi:10.3390/min11010007

Cited by 91 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…For example, the Au-quartz vein mineralization along the Melones fault in the Mother Lode gold belt of California extends vertically for ~1.8 km (Bierlein et al, 2008), the Jiaojia Au deposit in the Jiaodong gold province extends to a depth of ~3 km at Zhaoxian-Wuyicun (Li Q et al, 2021), and the Sanshandao Au deposit shows economic mineralization at a current depth of 2.6 km, while thermochronological studies suggest that the upper part of the mineralization system extended above the current erosion surface (Liu et al, 2017). However, it is generally not straightforward to determine the depths of mineralization based on P-T conditions estimated from various geothermometers and geobarometers such as fluid inclusions, because there are many uncertainties regarding the fluid pressure regime (Chi et al, 2021). This is particularly true in the mesozone, where fluid pressure may range from lithostatic to hydrostatic, and even sub-hydrostatic, as discussed above.…”

Section: Structurally-controlled Hydrothermal Mineralization Systems ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Links between Shallow and Deep Mineralization Systems and Implications for Deep Mineral Exploration

Chi

Xue

et al. 2022

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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Deep mineral exploration is increasingly important for finding new mineral resources but there are many uncertainties. Understanding the factors controlling the localization of mineralization at depth can reduce the risk in deep mineral exploration. One of the relatively poorly constrained but important factors is the hydrodynamics of mineralization. This paper reviews the principles of hydrodynamics of mineralization, especially the nature of relationships between mineralization and structures, and their applications to various types of mineralization systems in the context of hydrodynamic linkage between shallow and deep parts of the systems. Three categories of mineralization systems were examined, i.e., magmatic‐hydrothermal systems, structurally controlled hydrothermal systems with uncertain fluid sources, and hydrothermal systems associated with sedimentary basins. The implications for deep mineral exploration, including potentials for new mineral resources at depth, favorable locations for mineralization, as well as uncertainties, are discussed.

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Section: Structurally-controlled Hydrothermal Mineralization Systems ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Links between Shallow and Deep Mineralization Systems and Implications for Deep Mineral Exploration

Chi

Xue

et al. 2022

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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“…Bulk analysis of fluid inclusions extracted from minerals by crushing or heating inevitably provides data from all fluid inclusion populations (i.e., primary and secondary fluid inclusions) present in a sample. This is a major point of criticism against the reliability of bulk crush-leach or isotope analysis (see Chi et al 2021 and references therein). However, the validity of bulk analysis can be increased considerably by carefully evaluating the fluid inclusion inventory and selecting samples that contain only one dominant fluid inclusion population.…”

Section: Reliability Of Fluid Inclusion Bulk Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A geochemical study of the Sweet Home mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA: formation of deep hydrothermal vein–type molybdenum greisen and base metal mineralization

et al. 2022

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Deep hydrothermal Mo, W, and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine (Detroit City portal) formed in response to magmatic activity during the Oligocene. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions trapped in greisen quartz and fluorite suggest that the early-stage mineralization at the Sweet Home mine precipitated from low- to medium-salinity (1.5–11.5 wt% equiv. NaCl), CO2-bearing fluids at temperatures between 360 and 415 °C and at depths of at least 3.5 km. Stable isotope and noble gas isotope data indicate that greisen formation and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine was related to fluids of different origins. Early magmatic fluids were the principal source for mantle-derived volatiles (CO2, H2S/SO2, noble gases), which subsequently mixed with significant amounts of heated meteoric water. Mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water is constrained by δ2Hw–δ18Ow relationships of fluid inclusions. The deep hydrothermal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine shows features similar to deep hydrothermal vein mineralization at Climax-type Mo deposits or on their periphery. This suggests that fluid migration and the deposition of ore and gangue minerals in the Sweet Home mine was triggered by a deep-seated magmatic intrusion. The findings of this study are in good agreement with the results of previous fluid inclusion studies of the mineralization of the Sweet Home mine and from Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits in the Colorado Mineral Belt.

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“…The prograde skarn stage includes garnet and pyroxene, which contain abundant L-type inclusions (Figure 7A) and are considered to be primary fluid inclusions (c.f. Goldstein and Reynolds, 1994;Chi et al, 2021). The retrograde skarn stage contains scheelite, which contain primary L-type and V-type inclusions that are scattered or randomly distributed within the host crystals (Figure 7B).…”

Section: Entrapment Sequence Of Fluid Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis of the Heiyanshan Tungsten Skarn Deposit in the East Tianshan, NW China: Insights From Geology, Fluid Inclusion, Isotopic Geochemistry and Geochronology

et al. 2021

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The eastern Tianshan Terrane is a highly prospective zone that contains several porphyry Cu–Mo, VMS Cu–Zn, magmatic Cu–Ni, epithermal and orogenic Au deposits. However, few attention has been paid to tungsten deposits. Of these, the source and evolution of the mineralising fluids related to the skarn W deposits are poorly understood. The Heiyanshan W deposit is hosted by metamorphosed clastic and carbonate beds in the Mesoproterozoic Jianshanzi Formation deposited on a continental margin tectonic setting. The Jianshanzi Formation is intruded by biotite monzogranite that yield weighted 206Pb/238U age of 326.9 ± 1.6 Ma, which suggest that the Heiyanshan W deposit was formed in the Carboniferous. The mineralisation is hosted by a prograde hydrothermal altered zone represented by a garnet (–pyroxene) skarn, and retrograde skarn characterised by fine-grained scheelite. The paragenesis of the Heiyanshan mineralisation can be subdivided into prograde skarn stage, retrograde skarn stage, quartz-sulphide stage and quartz-calcite vein stage. The types of fluid inclusions recognised in the various minerals in the deposits are liquid-rich aqueous, vapour-rich aqueous, and daughter mineral-bearing. The homogenisation temperatures of fluid inclusions from the Heiyanshan deposit decrease from 290 ± 28°C in garnet, through 232 ± 31°C in scheelite, to 232 ± 36°C in quartz and 158 ± 15°C in non-mineralised calcite, which is typical of W-bearing skarn deposits worldwide. The δ18Owater values from the Heiyanshan deposit range from +4.7 to +6.6‰ in garnet, +1.3 to +1.9‰ in quartz and −6.1 to −4.4‰ in calcite. We have measured δD in fluid inclusions from different minerals, although these bulk analyses are just a mixture of the different FIA’s present in the sample. The δD values of fluid inclusions in garnet, quartz, and calcite are from −121 to −71‰, −84 to −75‰ and −101 to −82‰, respectively, also indicative of deep-sourced magmatic fluids mixed with meteoric water. The decrease in the homogenisation temperatures for the fluid inclusions at the Heiyanshan deposit is accompanied by a drop in salinity indicating that tungsten-bearing minerals precipitated during fluid mixing between magmatic fluids and meteoric water. We conclude that eastern Tianshan Terrane contains two pulse of tungsten metallogenic events of Late Carboniferous and Early Triassic.

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Common Problems and Pitfalls in Fluid Inclusion Study: A Review and Discussion

Cited by 91 publications

References 42 publications

Hydrodynamic Links between Shallow and Deep Mineralization Systems and Implications for Deep Mineral Exploration

Hydrodynamic Links between Shallow and Deep Mineralization Systems and Implications for Deep Mineral Exploration

A geochemical study of the Sweet Home mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA: formation of deep hydrothermal vein–type molybdenum greisen and base metal mineralization

Genesis of the Heiyanshan Tungsten Skarn Deposit in the East Tianshan, NW China: Insights From Geology, Fluid Inclusion, Isotopic Geochemistry and Geochronology

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