Common variants in toll-like receptor family genes and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Al Othaim, Ayoub; Al-Hawary, Sulieman Ibraheem Shelash; Alsaab, Hashem O.; Almalki, Sami G.; Najm, Mazin A. A.; Hjazi, Ahmed; Alsalamy, Ali; Firras Almulla, Abbas; Alizadeh, Hamzeh

doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1280051

Front. Genet.

2023

DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1280051

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Common variants in toll-like receptor family genes and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ayoub Al Othaim,

Sulieman Ibraheem Shelash Al-Hawary,

Hashem O. Alsaab

et al.

Abstract: Background: An increasing number of studies have suggested the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes and gastric cancer (GC) susceptibility; however, the available evidence is contradictory. This meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate whether the SNPs within the TLR family are related to GC development.Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were systematically searched up to May 2023 to obtain the pertinent pu… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 4 publications

References 94 publications

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Oral microbiota and gastric cancer: recent highlights and knowledge gaps

Xia,

Jiang,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and has a high mortality rate. However, tests for the early screening and diagnosis of gastric cancer are limited and invasive. Certain oral microorganisms are over-expressed in gastric cancer, but there is heterogeneity among different studies. Notably, each oral ecological niche harbors specific microorganisms. Among them, tongue coating, saliva, and dental plaque are important and unique ecological niches in the oral cavity. The colonization environment in different oral niches may be a source of heterogeneity. In this paper, we systematically discuss the latest developments in the field of the oral microbiota and gastric cancer and elucidate the enrichment of microorganisms in the oral ecological niches of the tongue coatings, saliva, and dental plaque in gastric cancer patients. The various potential mechanisms by which the oral microbiota induces gastric cancer (activation of an excessive inflammatory response; promotion of proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis; and secretion of carcinogens, leading to imbalance in gastric microbial communities) are explored. In this paper, we also highlight the applications of the rapeutics targeting the oral microbiota in gastric cancer and suggests future research directions related to the relationship between the oral microbiota and gastric cancer.

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Oral microbiota and gastric cancer: recent highlights and knowledge gaps

Xia,

Jiang,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Gastric Cancer: An Up-to-Date Review with New Insights into Early-Onset Gastric Cancer

Mazurek,

Szewc,

Sitarz

et al. 2024

Cancers

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Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer death in the world. Regarding the age at which the diagnosis was made, GC is divided into early-onset gastric cancer (EOGC—up to 45 years of age) and conventional GC (older than 45). EOGC constitutes approximately 10% of all GCs. Numerous reports indicate that EOGC is more aggressive than conventional GC and is often discovered at an advanced tumor stage, which has an impact on the five-year survival rate. The median survival rate for advanced-stage GC is very poor, amounting to less than 12 months. Risk factors for GC include family history, alcohol consumption, smoking, Helicobacter pylori, and Epstein–Barr virus infection. It has been shown that a proper diet and lifestyle can play a preventive role in GC. However, research indicates that risk factors for conventional GC are less correlated with EOGC. In addition, the unclear etiology of EOGC and the late diagnosis of this disease limit the possibilities of effective treatment. Genetic factors are considered a likely cause of EOGC, as young patients are less exposed to environmental carcinogens. Research characterizing GC in young patients is scarce. This comprehensive study presents all aspects: epidemiology, risk factors, new treatment strategies, and future directions.

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Immunological Strategies in Gastric Cancer: How Toll-like Receptors 2, -3, -4, and -9 on Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Depend on Patient Factors?

Kos,

Bojarski,

Mertowska

et al. 2024

Cells

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(1) Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In gastric cancer (GC), TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 are crucial for modulating immune response and tumor progression. (2) Objective: This study aimed to assess the percentage of dendritic cells and monocytes expressing TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, along with the concentration of their soluble forms in the serum of GC patients compared to healthy volunteers. Factors such as disease stage, tumor type, age, and gender were also analyzed. (3) Materials and Methods: Blood samples from newly diagnosed GC patients and healthy controls were immunophenotyped using flow cytometry to assess TLR expression on dendritic cell subpopulations and monocytes. Serum-soluble TLRs were measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis considered clinical variables such as tumor type, stage, age, and gender. (4) Results: TLR expression was significantly higher in GC patients, except for TLR3 on classical monocytes. Soluble forms of all TLRs were elevated in GC patients, with significant differences based on disease stage but not tumor type, except for serum TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. (5) Conclusions: Elevated TLR expression and soluble TLR levels in GC patients suggest a role in tumor pathogenesis and progression, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

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Common variants in toll-like receptor family genes and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 4 publications

References 94 publications

Oral microbiota and gastric cancer: recent highlights and knowledge gaps

Oral microbiota and gastric cancer: recent highlights and knowledge gaps

Gastric Cancer: An Up-to-Date Review with New Insights into Early-Onset Gastric Cancer

Immunological Strategies in Gastric Cancer: How Toll-like Receptors 2, -3, -4, and -9 on Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Depend on Patient Factors?

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