Commonly Used Types and Recent Development of Ankle-Foot Orthosis: A Narrative Review

Choo, Yoo Jin; Lee, Hee Jin

doi:10.3390/healthcare9081046

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…The leaf-like creases are intended to strengthen the part of the ankle with the greatest amount of movement and repeated loadings. In addition, they act as a spring in the ankle, which allows slight dorsiflexion in the mid and terminal stances, and this elasticity can also marginally assist the push-off function in the terminal stance [ 38 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Passive Articulated and Non-Articulated Ankle–Foot Orthoses for Gait Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review

et al. 2023

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The aim of this work was to study the different types of passive articulated and non-articulated ankle–foot orthoses for gait rehabilitation in terms of working principles, control mechanisms, features, and limitations, along with the recent clinical trials on AFOs. An additional aim was to categorize them to help engineers and orthotists to develop novel designs based on this research. Based on selected keywords and their composition, a search was performed on the ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases from 1990 to 2022. Forty-two studies met the eligibility criteria, which highlighted the commonly used types and recent development of passive articulated and non-articulated ankle–foot orthoses for foot drop. Orthotists and engineers may benefit from the information obtained from this review article by enhancing their understanding of the challenges in developing an AFO that meets all the requirements in terms of ease of use, freedom of movement, and high performance at a relatively low cost.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, PLS AFOs do not contribute significantly to ankle stability, as the trim line is behind the ankle. Thus, PLS AFOs are limited in their control of the varus/valgus [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Articulated and Non-Articulated Ankle–Foot Orthoses for Gait Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review

et al. 2023

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“…In the case of lower limb rehabilitation, ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) is the most common one. Many researchers have developed ankle–foot orthoses for over four decades [ 8 , 9 ]. Ranging from the most conventional AFO of polypropylene and carbon fiber AFO [ 10 , 11 ] to the most recently developed ones that involves technology, such as robotics [ 12 , 13 ] and electrical stimulation technology [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate Effect Evaluation of a Robotic Ankle–Foot Orthosis with Customized Algorithm for a Foot Drop Patient: A Quantitative and Qualitative Case Report

Adiputra¹,

Asfari²,

Ubaidillah

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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This study aims to evaluate the immediate effect of a robotic ankle–foot orthosis developed in previous studies on a foot drop patient. The difference with previous research on AFO evaluation is that this research used a setting based on the patient’s request. The robotic AFO locked the foot position on zero radians during the foot flat until the push-off but generates dorsiflexion with a constant velocity in the swing phase to clear the foot drop. A kinematic and spatiotemporal parameter was observed using the sensors available on the robotic AFO. The robotic successfully assisted the foot drop (positive ankle position of 21.77 degrees during the swing phase and initial contact) with good repeatability (σ2 = 0.001). An interview has also conducted to investigate the qualitative response of the patient. The interview result reveals not only the usefulness of the robotic AFO in assisting the foot drop but also some improvement notes for future studies. For instance, the necessary improvement of weight and balance and employing ankle velocity references for controlling the walking gait throughout the whole gait cycle.

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“…In NMD, lower limb orthoses for lower extremity muscle weakness are commonly applied [11], and intend to improve walking and walking safety [12][13][14]. The various types of available lower limb orthoses differ in terms of design, weight, material, and stiffness [15][16][17][18][19]. In people exhibiting distal leg muscle weakness, including weakness of the calf muscles, current practice includes provision of high orthopaedic shoes and ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) (ISO 8549-1 [20]) that should ideally restrict excessive ankle dorsiflexion during the stance phase of gait [14,18,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of specialist care lower limb orthoses on personal goal attainment and walking ability in adults with neuromuscular disorders

et al. 2023

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Background Lower limb orthoses intend to improve walking in adults with neuromuscular disorders (NMD). Yet, reported group effects of lower limb orthoses on treatment outcomes have generally been small and heterogeneous. We propose that guideline-based orthotic care within a multidisciplinary expert setting may improve treatment outcomes. Aim To examine the effectiveness of specialist care orthoses compared to usual care orthoses on personal goal attainment and walking ability. Design Cohort study. Population Adults with NMD who experienced walking problems due to calf and/or quadriceps muscle weakness and were provided with a specialist care lower limb orthosis between October 2011 and January 2021. Methods Three months after provision, the specialist care orthosis was compared to the usual care orthosis worn at baseline in terms of personal goal attainment (Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS)), comfortable walking speed (m/s), net energy cost (J/kg/m) (both assessed during a 6-minute walk test), perceived walking ability and satisfaction. Results Sixty-four adults with NMD were eligible for analysis. The specialist care orthoses comprised 19 dorsiflexion-restricting ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs), 22 stance-control knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) and 23 locked KAFOs. Overall, 61% of subjects showed a clinically relevant improvement in GAS score. Perceived safety, stability, intensity, fear of falling and satisfaction while walking all improved (p≤0.002), and subjects were satisfied with their specialist care orthosis and the services provided. Although no effects on walking speed or net energy cost were found in combined orthosis groups, specialist care AFOs significantly reduced net energy cost (by 9.5%) compared to usual care orthoses (from mean (SD) 3.81 (0.97) to 3.45 (0.80) J/kg/m, p = 0.004). Conclusion Guideline-based orthotic care within a multidisciplinary expertise setting could improve treatment outcomes in adults with NMD compared to usual orthotic care by improvements in goal attainment and walking ability. A randomized controlled trial is now warranted to confirm these results.

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Commonly Used Types and Recent Development of Ankle-Foot Orthosis: A Narrative Review

Cited by 37 publications

References 50 publications

Passive Articulated and Non-Articulated Ankle–Foot Orthoses for Gait Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review

Passive Articulated and Non-Articulated Ankle–Foot Orthoses for Gait Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review

Immediate Effect Evaluation of a Robotic Ankle–Foot Orthosis with Customized Algorithm for a Foot Drop Patient: A Quantitative and Qualitative Case Report

Effects of specialist care lower limb orthoses on personal goal attainment and walking ability in adults with neuromuscular disorders

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