Communicable disease surveillance and control in the context of conflict and mass displacement in Syria

Ismail, Sharif; Abbara, Aula; Collin, Simon M.; Orcutt, Miriam; Coutts, Adam; Maziak, Wasim; Sahloul, Zaher; Dar, Osman; Corrah, Tumena; Fouad, Fouad M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.011

Cited by 71 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…311 Although data regarding tuberculosis in Syria remains elusive, reports show a rapid rise of the disease in the country, which is still believed to only be a fraction of the actual burden. 311,312 After refugees leave their home country, the journey exacerbates their susceptibility to tuberculosis. Economic, social, and legal barriers increase the likelihood that tuberculosis will spread along the way and block access to care for those who contract it.…”

Section: Healthy People In Healthy Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development

et al. 2019

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Section: Healthy People In Healthy Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development

et al. 2019

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“…Ismail et al [30] reviewed the studies based on infectious diseases including polio, measles, and tuberculosis from 2005 to 2015. Communicable disease surveillance and control in the context of conflict and mass displacement in Syria have been focused.…”

Section: Emerging Infectious Diseases In Jordanmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Emerging and Reemerging of Infectious Diseases in Jordan: The Aftermath of the Syrian Crises

Nimer

2018

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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The review aims to examine the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in Jordan, in parallel with the Syrian refugee crisis. Qualitative approach has been adopted for systematically examining the outcomes of the Syrian crisis, which resulted in emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. It has adhered that infectious diseases, including measles, tuberculosis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis, have hazardous effects on Syrian refugees along with the local population in Jordan. The threat of major infectious diseases is higher and alarming in Jordan. National health policies should be implemented to adhere the influence of infectious diseases as well as to reduce the extent of infectious diseases in Jordan. In the 21st century, Syrian conflict can be deliberated as one of the biggest humanitarian disasters. In this multifaceted emergency with devastating requirements and limitations, it has been found essential for dominant medical healthcare providers to develop medical strategies that are based on comprehensive understanding of the concerned context and the main medical requirements and susceptible groups.

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“…Displaced populations and refugee settlements are frequently exposed to TB risk factors, which can lead to increased transmission. An example is in Lebanon, where a 27% rise in TB incidence was attributed to the increase in the Syrian refugee population [6]. Likewise, a study in El Salvador reported the incidence rate of TB among internally displaced persons (IDPs) to be three times higher than the reported rate across the rest of the country [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflict and tuberculosis in Sudan: a 10-year review of the National Tuberculosis Programme, 2004-2014

Hassanain¹,

Edwards

Venables

et al. 2018

Confl Health

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BackgroundSudan is a fragile developing country, with a low expenditure on health. It has been subjected to ongoing conflicts ever since 1956, with the Darfur crisis peaking in 2004. The conflict, in combination with the weak infrastructure, can lead to poor access to healthcare. Hence, this can cause an increased risk of infection, greater morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis (TB), especially amongst the poor, displaced and refugee populations. This study will be the first to describe TB case notifications, characteristics and outcomes over a ten-year period in Darfur in comparison with the non-conflict Eastern zones within Sudan.MethodsA cross-sectional review of the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) data from 2004 to 2014 comparing the Darfur conflict zone with the non-conflict eastern zone.ResultsNew case notifications were 52% lower in the conflict zone (21,131) compared to the non-conflict zone (43,826). Smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) in the conflict zone constituted 63% of all notified cases, compared to the non-conflict zone of 32% (p < 0.001). Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) predominated the TB notified cases in the non-conflict zone, comprising 35% of the new cases versus 9% in the conflict zone (p < 0.001). The loss to follow up (LTFU) was high in both zones (7% conflict vs 10% non-conflict, p < 0.001) with a higher rate among re-treatment cases (12%) in the conflict zone. Average treatment success rates of smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB), over ten years, were low (65-66%) in both zones. TB mortality among re-treatment cases was higher in the conflict zone (8%) compared to the non-conflict zone (6%) (p < 0.001).ConclusionA low TB case notification was found in the conflict zone from 2004 to 2014. High loss to follow up and falling treatment success rates were found in both conflict and non-conflict zones, which represents a significant public health risk. Further analysis of the TB response and surveillance system in both zones is needed to confirm the factors associated with the poor outcomes. Using context-sensitive measures and simplified pathways with an emphasis on displaced persons may increase access and case notification in conflict zones, which can help avoid a loss to follow up in both zones.

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Communicable disease surveillance and control in the context of conflict and mass displacement in Syria

Cited by 71 publications

References 30 publications

The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development

The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development

A Review on Emerging and Reemerging of Infectious Diseases in Jordan: The Aftermath of the Syrian Crises

Conflict and tuberculosis in Sudan: a 10-year review of the National Tuberculosis Programme, 2004-2014

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