Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic

Kellermann, Kathy

doi:10.1080/03637759209376270

Cited by 169 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In fact, it is the inherent "other dependency" of human action and existence that necessarily generates communication and information exchange between individuals (Athay & Darley, 1985;Dillard et al, 2002;Kellerman, 1992). Therefore, the communication of influence, how influence is symbolically represented and exchanged between individuals, can be construed as one of the most basic and fundamental concerns of human activity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

“…However, it has been suggested that a good deal of our communicative behavior-including communication media selection and use-is the result of over-learned or automatic responses into which active information processing does not figure (Kellerman, 1992;Langer & Piper, 1987).…”

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“…In particular, this "Shannon and Furthermore, these theories of media selection and use posit that usage behaviors are based on active information processing (Timmerman, 2002). However, it has been 26 suggested that a good deal of our communicative behavior-including communication media selection and use-is the result of over-learned or automatic responses into which active information processing does not figure (Kellerman, 1992;Langer & Piper, 1987).It is also true that the organizational environment and communicative context in which many media selection decisions are made do not necessarily present a simple problem space of singular uncertainty or equivocality, or even of singular modalities within the available media.However, it seems at least some critics of these theories tend to gloss over the fact that media richness theory (in particular) was first a theory to explain how managers make media selection decisions, not a generic theory of media selection across all interpersonal or social contexts. This point is an important one because communication is the primary process by which managers conduct their work (Trevino et al, 1990), and it has been suggested that communication itself can be construed as an inherent exercise in interpersonal influence (Kellerman, 1992).…”

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The Communications of Influence through Technology-Enabled Media

Turner¹

2006

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT settings, the goal of this study 'was to examine the relationships between influence and media from all three perspectives.Perceptions of the context of media use in collaborative settings were described using self-guided focus groups and survey response data. A series of structured group experiences was then administered to create a collaborative problem-solving environment using one of three media capabilities: face-to-face, voice conference, and chat.Behavioral indices of influence were recorded during the structured group experiences to explore effects attributable to media. Finally, in-depth perceptual data was collected through semi-structured interviews to determine how media in use during the structured group experiences impacted interpersonal influence and the context in which that influence was expressed.vii Results indicate that common experiences and perceptions of communication media were situated within a larger context of use, one in which media affect and are affected by relevant aspects of that context. Ten such contextual factors and the relationships between them were described and illustrated. Media were not found to account for any meaningful differences in behavioral indices of influence; the nature of those indices suggests that informational influence was independent of the medium through which it was expressed. However, media differences were responsible for pronounced effects on perceptions of influence when conceptualized beyond behavioral measures, as well as on perceptions and experiences of various elements of the context of media use and the environment in which influence was expressed and exchanged.In general, variations in non-verbal sensory and feedback cues accounted for most of the perceptual findings. However, the nature of the effects, as well as other factors unrelated to non-verbal cues, suggested a functional perspective that was more informative for meaningfully discriminating between media and their effects:interactivity, social awareness, and propinquity. Practical and theoretical considerations are discussed in light of the obtain...

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The Communications of Influence through Technology-Enabled Media

Turner¹

2006

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“…This proposition is grounded in earlier seminal communication theory (Shannon and Weaver, 1949), which explains that information is communicated in an effort to accomplish an objective. Later research has described communication as inherently strategic, purposeful, and goal-directed (Kellermann, 1992), originating from the fact that communication has structure. For example, sentences are not formed by randomly choosing meaningless words out of a bag-of-words, and facial expressions do not occur at We propose that by definition SPECIES agents must adhere to all four interpersonal communication principles described by the Schramm model to conduct meaningful, persuasive, and human-like communication.…”

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Design Principles for Special Purpose, Embodied, Conversational Intelligence with Environmental Sensors (SPECIES) Agents

Derrick¹,

Jenkins²,

Nunamaker³

2011

THCI

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University of Arizona jnunamaker@cmi.arizona.eduAs information systems increase their ability to gather and analyze data from the natural environment and as computational power increases, the next generation of human-computer interfaces will be able to facilitate more lifelike and natural interactions with humans. This can be accomplished by using sensors to non-invasively gather information from the user, using artificial intelligence to interpret this information to perceive users' emotional and cognitive states, and using customized interfaces and responses based on embodied-conversational-agent (avatar) technology to respond to the user. We refer to this novel and unique class of intelligent agents as Special Purpose Embodied Conversational Intelligence with Environmental Sensors (SPECIES) agents. In this paper, we build on interpersonal communication theory to specify four essential design principles of all SPECIES agents. We also share findings of initial research that demonstrates how SPECIES agents can be deployed to augment human tasks. Results of this paper organize future research efforts in collectively studying and creating more robust, influential, and intelligent SPECIES agents.

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Dual‐Processing Perspectives

Bodie

Eldredge

2015

The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication

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Dual‐process theories propose that human behavior (including communication) is the combined result of two qualitatively different processing mechanisms, one relatively fast, automatic, and associative, and the other relatively slow, controlled, and rule‐based. The dual‐processing perspective has had an overwhelming impact in the fields of cognitive and social psychology and neuroscience, and it has had equally important influence in the study of human communication. This entry traces the development of dual‐process theories from their domain specific beginnings in reasoning and persuasion, to the current search for a generalized dual‐systems model. Additionally, this entry discusses examples of how the dual‐processing perspective has diffused to communication specific literatures beyond persuasion, such as supportive communication and message production.

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Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic

Cited by 169 publications

References 49 publications

The Communications of Influence through Technology-Enabled Media

The Communications of Influence through Technology-Enabled Media

Design Principles for Special Purpose, Embodied, Conversational Intelligence with Environmental Sensors (SPECIES) Agents

Dual‐Processing Perspectives

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