“…(5) π(π‘) = β π π (π‘) π π π=1 (6) where ππ(π‘) is the received signal, p is the number of paths, π π (π‘) is the additive white Gaussian noise, π (π‘) is the transmitted signal from QAM, β π (π‘) refers to a multiplicative distortion of the transmitted signal π (π‘) along the i th path, π(π‘) is the total received signal.…”