ABSTRACT:Recent experiments have shown that the mutation Tottori (D7N) alters the toxicity, assembly and rate of fibril formation of the wild type (WT) amyloid beta (Aβ) Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 peptides. We used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent of the monomer and dimer of both alloforms with their WT and D7N sequences. The monomer simulations starting from a random coil and totaling 3 μs show that the D7N mutation changes the fold and the network of salt bridges in both alloforms. The dimer simulations starting from the amyloid fibrillar states and totaling 4.4 μs also reveal noticeable changes in terms of secondary structure, salt bridge, and topology. Overall, this study provides physical insights into the enhanced rate of fibril formation upon D7N mutation and an atomic picture of the D7N-mediated conformational change on Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 peptides. KEYWORDS: Amyloid simulation, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β proteins, molecular dynamics, D7N mutation, monomer, dimer A lzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the senior population.1 The patient with AD will lose memory, 2 decay language, 3 and experience problems with visual-spatial search, 4 among other side-effects. AD is pathologically characterized by brain lesions that are senile plaques made of the beta amyloid (Aβ) peptides 5 and neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons made of the tau protein. 6 However, there is strong evidence that the Aβ peptides play a central role in AD. 7,8 The Aβ peptides are proteolytic byproducts of the amyloid precursor protein and are most commonly composed of 40 (Aβ 40 ) and 42 (Aβ 42 ) amino acids. The Aβ monomers are mostly random coil in physiological buffers, but aggregate to form amyloid fibrils with a cross-β-sheet pattern.
9−11Presently, there are no efficient drugs against AD. One current strategy, based on the fact that the aesthetic of the cerebral defects in AD correlates with high levels of oligomers in the brain, 12,13 is to design molecules preventing amyloid fibril formation and targeting the early formed toxic aggregates. 5,7,14−18 The another strategy is to design molecules enhancing fibril formation and reducing therefore the lifetimes of Aβ oligomers. 19 Unfortunately, because these assemblies are in dynamic equilibrium, experiments have failed thus far to provide atomic structures that would help design more efficient molecules in both scenarios.Numerous pathogenic familial mutations are known to modulate fibril formation rates and enhance toxicity. There has been many experimental studies on the Flemish (A21G), Dutch (E22Q), Italian (E22K), Arctic (E22G), Iowa (D23N), and Osaka (ΔE22, deletion) variants. 20−25 The English (H6R),
26Taiwanese (D7H), 27 and Tottori (D7N) 28 mutations that cause early onset familial AD have also been reported. The English and Tottori mutations do not affect Aβ production, but they accelerate fibril assembly in the absence of increased protofibril formation.29 A more recent experimental study showed that the Tottori mutation alters ...