Community-acquired Bacteremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children in Harare, Zimbabwe

Nathoo, Kusum; Chigonde, Samuel; Nhembe, Margaret; Ali, Mohamed H.; Mason, Peter R.

doi:10.1097/00006454-199612000-00007

Cited by 59 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Here, SCT and UF-SCT showed slightly lower sensitivity by failing to detect 6 (4%) of S. aureus strains in comparison to TCT. This data is in agreement with previous findings in which sensitivity of free coagulase test was higher than bound coagulase test 17,18,19,20 . .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Urea-Fibrinogen Slide Coagulase Test – A Simple Alternative Method for the Rapid Identification of Staphylococcus aureus

Sharma

Gokhale

Sharma

2017

J. Gandaki Med. Coll. Nepal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: The accurate identification of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates requires a series of tests. Morphological features and slide coagulase test are two criteria on which S. aureus are identified. Resort to tube coagulase test is sought when results of slide coagulase test are equivocal or doubtful. Both coagulase tests detect the enzymes that convert fibrinogen into fibrin. Human, rabbit or sheep pooled plasma is used as substrate for both tests. Slide coagulase test is simpler and faster as compared to tube coagulase test. The plasma could be carrier of many human and animal pathogens like HIV, HBV, HCV etc. Storage of plasma for longer duration is fraught with chances of contamination. Improperly stored plasma can lead to false positive or negative results. Citrated plasma may be unsuitable for this test if contaminated with citrate utilizing bacteria. Considering the role of S. aureus as a common etiological agent in nosocomial and community infections, there is a need of implementing rapid, easy and cost-effective phenotypic test.Objectives: Considering the disadvantages and risks associated with fresh plasma, this study aims to launch for safer, more reliable substitute with longer shelf life that may provide reliable results for prompt identification of S. aureus by slide coagulase test.Methods: The present work evaluates slide coagulase test (SCT), and urea fibrinogen slide coagulase test (UF-SCT) for S. aureus detection considering Tube coagulase test (TCT) as the reference method. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of SCT and UF-SCT were calculated using TCT as gold standard. Results: A total of 150 staphylococcal isolates from different clinical specimens ere selected for the evaluation of coagulase tests. All the specimens were subjected to SCT, UF-SCT and TCT. The UF-SCT showed better sensitivity (95.04%), specificity (100%), PPV (100%), and NPV (82.85%) with reference to TCT. UF-SCT showed similar sensitivity and specificity to SCT. None of the isolates were negative in UF-SCT and positive in SCT. Since UF-SCT does not incorporate plasma directly and at the same time has a very good sensitivity and specificity, it is recommended that UF-SCT could replace SCT for identification of S. aureus.Conclusion: The findings of present study shall encourage laboratories to use the urea-fibrinogen slide coagulase test routinely for the rapid identification of S aureus.Journal of Gandaki Medical College Vol. 10, No. 1, 2017, Page: 5-10

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Urea-Fibrinogen Slide Coagulase Test – A Simple Alternative Method for the Rapid Identification of Staphylococcus aureus

Sharma

Gokhale

Sharma

2017

J. Gandaki Med. Coll. Nepal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The problem also underscores the difficulty in translating knowledge into practice, as has been repeatedly shown by the persisting high blood culture contamination rates and poor hand-washing practices in wealthy hospitals in the United States and abroad (10). With the institution of more critical care facilities in medical centers across Africa, there have been increasing numbers of reports that emphasize the clinical significance of S. epidermidis as a cause of bacteremia, especially in pediatric populations (2,12,18,20,21). Although it is almost certain that the isolation of S. epidermidis from patients without intravascular devices is likely a result of blood culture contamination, the significance of this microorganism as a cause of true bacteremia in patient populations with in situ devices remains uncharacterized in Africa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, during the past decade, various studies have documented the increasing importance of bloodstream infections in teaching hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa (5,6,11,25). Although limited financial and human resources often preclude the provision of routine blood culture services at many of the large medical facilities in these regions, several reports from subSaharan Africa have highlighted the increased occurrence and clinical significance of bacteremia caused by coagulase-negative staphylococcus (1,2,8,13,14,17,18,19,21). This is of concern, since blood culture contamination with coagulasenegative staphylococcus remains a perennial problem in developed countries and has enormous implications for less developed countries, where the costs associated with maintaining microbiology laboratories are already prohibitive.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Culture Contamination in Tanzania, Malawi, and the United States: a Microbiological Tale of Three Cities

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We conducted retrospective, comparative analyses of contamination rates for cultures of blood obtained in the emergency rooms of Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lilongwe Central Hospital (LCH) in central Malawi; and the Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) in the United States. None of the emergency room patients had indwelling intravascular devices at the time that the blood samples for cultures were obtained. In addition, we reviewed the contamination rates for a cohort of patients already hospitalized in the DUMC inpatient medical service, most of whom had indwelling intravascular devices. The bloodstream infection rates among the patients at MNH (n ‫؍‬ 513) and LCH (n ‫؍‬ 486) were similar (ϳ28%); the contamination rates at the two hospitals were 1.3% (7/513) and 0.8% (4/486), respectively. Of 54 microorganisms isolated from cultures of blood collected in the DUMC emergency room, 26 (48%) were identified as skin contaminants. Cultures of blood collected in the DUMC emergency room were significantly more likely to yield growth of contaminants than the cultures of blood collected in the emergency rooms at MNH and LCH combined (26/332 versus 11/1,003; P < 0.0001) or collected in the DUMC inpatient medical service (26/332 versus 7/283; P < 0.01). For the MNH and LCH blood cultures, lower contamination rates were observed when skin was disinfected with isopropyl alcohol plus tincture of iodine rather than isopropyl alcohol plus povidoneiodine. In conclusion, blood culture contamination was minimized in sub-Saharan African hospitals with substantially limited resources through scrupulous attention to aseptic skin cleansing and improved venipuncture techniques. Application of these principles when blood samples for culture are obtained in U.S. hospital emergency rooms should help mitigate blood culture contamination rates and the unnecessary microbiology workup of skin contaminants.

show abstract

“…As a result, bacteremia is a rare complication during nontyphoidal salmonellosis but may occur in patients with impaired immunity (19,61). The increasing prevalence of patients with AIDS has made nontyphoidal salmonellosis a leading cause of bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa (38,51,52,75,80). While the frequency of bacteremia caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes is considerably higher among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients than among human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in Africa, the frequencies of typhoid fever do not differ between these patient groups (88,106).…”

Section: Future Directions For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capsule-Mediated Immune Evasion: a New Hypothesis Explaining Aspects of Typhoid Fever Pathogenesis

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Community-acquired Bacteremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children in Harare, Zimbabwe

Abstract: Prompt recognition of pathogens and early administration of appropriate antimicrobials is important in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with bacteremia in HIV-infected children in Africa.

Cited by 59 publications

References 22 publications

Urea-Fibrinogen Slide Coagulase Test – A Simple Alternative Method for the Rapid Identification of Staphylococcus aureus

Urea-Fibrinogen Slide Coagulase Test – A Simple Alternative Method for the Rapid Identification of Staphylococcus aureus

Blood Culture Contamination in Tanzania, Malawi, and the United States: a Microbiological Tale of Three Cities

Capsule-Mediated Immune Evasion: a New Hypothesis Explaining Aspects of Typhoid Fever Pathogenesis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About