Community and household-level socioeconomic disadvantage and functional organization of the salience and emotion network in children and adolescents

Abstract

Socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) during childhood has been linked to disparities in physical and mental health. A growing body of research has focused on identifying neurodevelopmental consequences of SED, commonly measured using within-household factors (e.g., household income), to better understand the processes underlying SED-related disparities. These studies suggest that childhood SED has a widespread impact on brain development, altering development of multiple brain regions simultaneously. These findings also raise the possibility that childhood SED impacts development of key brain systems, such as the salience and emotion network (SEN), which is positioned at the intersection of brain systems involved in cognitive and emotion-related functioning and is thought to mediate information flow within and between these networks. The present study tests for associations between household- and community-level SED, as well as their interaction, and measures of SEN-based functional neural organization in 57 children and adolescents (ages 6–17). We applied graph theoretical analyses to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine SEN-based functional network topology. Results showed that youth residing in more distressed communities demonstrate lower hub-like properties (i.e., less efficient global information transfer and fewer connections) of two core SEN nodes – the anterior cingulate cortex and the left supramarginal gyrus. Household income had an opposite effect on efficiency of the anterior cingulate, but no effect on the supramarginal gyrus. There was, however, an interaction between income and community SED in the rostral prefrontal cortex, such that higher income was associated with higher clustering coefficient and lower betweenness centrality, suggesting greater local processing and lower influence of this region on information flow across the network. These effects were significant only among youth living in low (but not high) SED communities, suggesting that within-household SED factors may not protect against the detrimental effects of a disadvantaged community context. Similarly, the age-related increase in average path length of the left rostral prefrontal cortex was only significant among youth living in low (but not high) SED communities. Given that maturation of the SEN is considered to be a critical functional backbone supporting the development of more flexible cognitive and emotional processes into adulthood, we tested for links between SEN graph metrics and measures of cognitive and emotion-related functioning. We found that higher community SED and lower income were both associated with lower IQ. Lower IQ, in turn, was associated with global efficiency of the left supramarginal gyrus. Observed effects of SED on SEN-based functional neural organization may help to explain the strong and pervasive link between childhood SED and disparities in cognitive and emotional outcomes.

Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Children’s Vitality-Relaxation Scale

“…In South Korea, community child centers are primarily used by children from vulnerable social groups such as single-parent households, living with grandparents, multicultural children, and low-income families [51]. Our study suggests that the socioeconomic status of the family has an effect on the child’s affect, and these findings are consistent with those of Gellci et al [52].…”

Are the kids really alright? Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in a majority Black American sample of schoolchildren

“…Overall, the sample of children was predominantly Black American, fitting with the participating schools' demographic composition and surrounding neighborhoods. Further, the sample, on average, resided in communities of moderate-to-high distress ( Gellci et al., 2019 ; Marshall et al., 2018 ), estimated using the Distressed Communities Index ( https://eig.org/dci ). However, within-household markers of SES (i.e., parent education) ranged across the sample, with 41% of parents reporting some college or a high school diploma (see Table 1 ).…”

Environmental influences on the pace of brain development

“…However, youth from high-SES neighbourhoods showed a steeper positive relationship between segregation and age during adolescence, such that by their early 20s, they showed greater functional network segregation than youth from low-SES neighbourhoods. Another study of individuals in a similar age range (6-17 years) revealed an interaction between household and neighbourhood SES, such that among youth in low-SES neighbourhoods, higher household SES is associated with greater local functional network segregation (assessed by the clustering coefficient) in the prefrontal cortex 65 . The available evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that higher SES is associated with more protracted functional network development, with youth from high-SES backgrounds showing more widespread connectivity and thus lower segregation early in development, before the rapid development of a more segregated network architecture that continues into adulthood 10,11 .…”