Community Characteristics and Mortality: The Relative Strength of Association of Different Community Characteristics

Chan, Kitty S.; Roberts, Eric T.; McCleary, Rachael; Buttorff, Christine; Gaskin, Darrell J.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.301944

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This decreased risk may partly be explained by the adaptation of US cultural risk factors associated with cancer incidence and mortality. Cultural protective factors for cancer screening and follow-up among Hispanics have been documented in previous studies (Chan et al 2014) and include familial support or interconnectedness (Moore de Peralta, Holaday, and McDonell 2014), lower levels of smoking compared to non-Hispanic whites (Haiman et al 2006; Hyland et al 2005; Pinsky 2006), and protective reproductive patterns (lower age at primigravida and lower parity) (Sweeney et al 2008; Martin et al 2010; Chlebowski et al 2005). Out of the 11 nations that constitute the largest NYC immigrant population sources, Latin American countries make up greater than half (New York City Department of City Planning 2005) and 40% of foreign-born Manhattan residents are from Latin America (Burden and Shama 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cancer mortality disparities among New York City’s Upper Manhattan neighborhoods

Hashim¹,

Mańczuk

Holcombe

et al. 2017

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Purpose The East Harlem (EH), Central Harlem (CH), and Upper East Side (UES) neighborhoods of New York City are geographically contiguous to tertiary medical care but are characterized by cancer mortality rate disparities. This ecological study aims to disentangle effects of race and neighborhood on cancer deaths. Methods Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) were determined using neighborhood-specific data from the New York State Cancer Registry and Vital Records Office (2007–2011). Ecological data on modifiable cancer risk factors from the New York City Community Health Survey (2002–2006) was stratified by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood and modeled against stratified mortality rates to disentangle race/ethnicity and neighborhood using logistic regression. Results Significant gaps in mortality rates were observed between the UES and both CH and EH across all cancers, favoring UES. MIRs of both CH and EH were similarly elevated in the range of 0.41–0.44 compared to UES (0.26–0.30). After covariate and multivariable adjustment, black race (OR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.93) and EH residence (OR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.35) remained significant risk factors in all cancers combined mortality. Conclusions Mortality disparities remain among EH, CH, and UES neighborhoods. Both neighborhood and race are significantly associated with cancer mortality, independent of each other. Multivariable adjusted models that include CHS risk factors demonstrate that this mortality gap may be avoidable through community-based public health interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cancer mortality disparities among New York City’s Upper Manhattan neighborhoods

Hashim¹,

Mańczuk

Holcombe

et al. 2017

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…36 It is plausible that elevated local crime may further restrict individuals from leaving their home to consult a health practitioner, independent of their mental health status. However, psychotropic medications in this age group should be interpreted with caution as they may indicate physical and neurologic comorbidities 22,37 ; also, higher mortality in violent areas 38 may result in a more selected and resilient older populations than in low-crime areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Crime and Psychotropic Medications: A Longitudinal Data Linkage Study of 130,000 Scottish Adults

Baranyi

Cherrie

Curtis

et al. 2020

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Introduction: Although neighborhood crime has been associated with mental health problems, longitudinal research utilizing objective measures of small-area crime and mental health service use is lacking. This study examines how local crime is associated with newly prescribed psychotropic medications in a large longitudinal sample of Scottish adults and explores whether the relationships vary between sociodemographic groups. Methods: Data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study, a 5.3% representative sample of the population, were linked with police-recorded crime in 2011 for residential locality and with psychotropic medications from 2009 to 2014, extracted from the prescription data set of National Health Service Scotland. Individuals receiving medication during the first 6 months of observation were excluded; the remaining sample was followed for 5.5 years. Covariate-adjusted, multilevel mixed-effects logistic models estimated associations between area crime and prescriptions for antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics (analyzed in 2018−2019). Results: After adjustment for individual and neighborhood covariates, findings on 129,945 adults indicated elevated risk of antidepressant (OR=1.05, 95% CI=1.00, 1.10) and antipsychotic (OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.03, 1.39), but not anxiolytic (OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.93, 1.05) medication in high-crime areas. Crime showed stronger positive association with antidepressants among individuals (especially women) aged 24−53 years in 2009 and with antipsychotics among men aged 44−53 years in 2009. Skilled workers and people from lower nonmanual occupations had increased risk of medications in high-crime areas. Conclusions: Local crime is an important predictor of mental health, independent of individual and other contextual risk factors. Place-based crime prevention and targeting vulnerable groups may have benefits for population mental health.

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“…Poverty is often cited as one of the largest risk factors for unhealthy urban food environments ( 38 , 39 ). Evidence suggests that persons who live in poor communities need to travel further to obtain healthy or fresh food ( 40 ), and there is a strong association between fruit and vegetable availability and community socioeconomic environment ( 18 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Border Versus Non-Border Comparison of Food Environment, Poverty, and Ethnic Composition in Texas Urban Settings

Salinas

Sexton

2015

Front. Public Health

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PurposeThe goal was to examine the relationship between the food environment and selected socioeconomic variables and ethnic/racial makeup in the eight largest urban settings in Texas so as to gain a better understanding of the relationships among Hispanic composition, poverty, and urban foodscapes, comparing border to non-border urban environments.MethodsCensus-tract level data on (a) socioeconomic factors, like percentage below the poverty line and number of households on foodstamps, and (b) ethnic variables, like percent of Mexican origin and percent foreign born, were obtained from the U.S. Census. Data at the census-tract level on the total number of healthy (e.g., supermarkets) and less-healthy (e.g., fast food outlets) food retailers were acquired from the CDC’s modified retail food environment index (mRFEI). Variation among urban settings in terms of the relationship between mRFEI scores and socioeconomic and ethnic context was tested using a mixed-effect model, and linear regression was used to identify significant factors for each urban location. A jackknife variance estimate was used to account for clustering and autocorrelation of adjacent census tracts.ResultsAverage census-tract mRFEI scores exhibited comparatively small variation across Texas urban settings, while socioeconomic and ethnic factors varied significantly. The only covariates significantly associated with mRFEI score were percent foreign born and percent Mexican origin. Compared to the highest-population county (Harris, which incorporates most of Houston), the only counties that had significantly different mRFEI scores were Bexar, which is analogous to San Antonio (2.12 lower), El Paso (2.79 higher), and Neuces, which encompasses Corpus Christi (2.90 less). Significant interaction effects between mRFEI and percent foreign born (El Paso, Tarrant – Fort Worth, Travis – Austin), percent Mexican origin (Hidalgo – McAllen, El Paso, Tarrant, Travis), and percent living below the poverty line (El Paso) were observed for some urban settings. Percent foreign born and percent Mexican origin tended to be positively associated with mRFEI in some locations (Hidalgo, El Paso) and negatively associated in others (Tarrant, Travis).DiscussionFindings are consistent with other studies that suggest the effects of Hispanic concentration on the foodscape may be positive (beneficially healthy) in border urban settings and negative in non-border. The evidence implies that the effects of Hispanic ethnic composition on the food environment are location-dependent, reflecting the unique attributes (e.g., culture, infrastructure, social networks) of specific urban settings.

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Community Characteristics and Mortality: The Relative Strength of Association of Different Community Characteristics

Cited by 22 publications

References 32 publications

Cancer mortality disparities among New York City’s Upper Manhattan neighborhoods

Cancer mortality disparities among New York City’s Upper Manhattan neighborhoods

Neighborhood Crime and Psychotropic Medications: A Longitudinal Data Linkage Study of 130,000 Scottish Adults

A Border Versus Non-Border Comparison of Food Environment, Poverty, and Ethnic Composition in Texas Urban Settings

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