“…The achievement scores are standardized a pG0.05, in one sample t test on whether the means of the five conceptions and the two approaches are significantly different from 3.00 (the average) The subconceptions identified (Table 1) are also consistent with the results of research on beliefs in mathematics education. "Confidence" is a highly emphasized concept in past studies on beliefs in mathematics education since mathematics is a salient school subject in which performance is attributed to innate ability (Burton, 2004;Wheeler & Montgomery, 2009;Whitebread & Chiu, 2004). The other subconceptions, i.e., interest, understanding, liberty, innovation, goals (application), perseverance, and anxiety, are also variables widely included in studies researching the belief systems of student learning mathematics in relation to mathematics teaching (Malmivuori, 2006;Schommer-Aikins, Duell, & Hutter, 2005;Sullivan, Tobias & McDonough, 2006).…”