Community Gun Violence as a Social Determinant of Elementary School Achievement

Bergen‐Cico, Dessa; Lane, Sandra D.; Keefe, Robert H.; Larsen, David A.; Panasci, Anthony; Salaam, Najah; Jennings-Bey, Timothy; Rubinstein, Robert A.

doi:10.1080/19371918.2018.1543627

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These findings reflect previously established literature on prosocial activity involvement (school enrollment) as a protective factor for violence, and associated behavior (gun carriage) (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Given that violence exposure and victimization is associated with decreases in school attendance and success (e.g., Bergen‐Cico et al, 2018), many young adults in this sample and in the population generally do not possess this protective factor. In fact, only 13% of the sample in this study identified themselves as a current student and less than half (49%) of young adults (ages 18–24) nationally are enrolled in college (National Kids Count, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Ecological promotive and protective factors deterring gun carriage for young adults living in communities with high rates of community violence

Ross

Walsh

O’Connor

et al. 2023

Journal Community Psychology

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This study identified promotive and protective factors that lessened the likelihood of handgun carriage in a sample of 141 predominantly Black (97%) young adults (ages 18–22) living in high burden communities experiencing elevated rates of violence. Participants completed surveys assessing overall risk and protective factors for violence across ecological contexts (e.g., individual/peer, family, school, and community). A series of regression and moderation analyses were conducted to ascertain direct (promotive) and indirect (protective) relations between factors across the ecological model and likelihood of gun carriage. Results indicated that (1) consistent with previous studies, both witnessing violence and violence victimization were significant risk factors for handgun carriage, (2) ethnic identity was a significant promotive factor related to a lower likelihood of handgun carriage, and (3) lack of family conflict, student status, and community assets were significant protective factors where higher levels of these factors attenuated the relation between exposure to community violence and likelihood of gun carriage. This is one of the first strengths‐based studies examining factors that may mitigate the likelihood of gun carriage for young adults in high risk contexts. Our findings suggest that gun violence prevention efforts for high burden communities should support young adults by strengthening factors across the ecological model (e.g., individual, family, school, and community).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Ecological promotive and protective factors deterring gun carriage for young adults living in communities with high rates of community violence

Ross

Walsh

O’Connor

et al. 2023

Journal Community Psychology

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show abstract

“…Other important factors included the family's socioeconomic status, timing of the exposure, and type of violence. Meanwhile, in a study focused on the community, Bergen-Cico et al (2018) found that community gun violence significantly predicted 28% of the variance in third-grade reading performance across 19 elementary schools and that schools in communities with higher rates of gun violence were associated with academic failure. Finally, Schneider (2020) found that exposure to community violence at five years old was associated negatively and independently with academic performance at nine years old, while physical abuse was associated negatively but not independently.…”

Section: Reading and Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Building a framework to understand and address vulnerability to reading difficulties among children in schools in the United States

Terry

Gerido

Norris

et al. 2022

New Drctns Chld & Adlscnt

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This paper presents a vulnerability framework as a means to contextualize inequities in reading achievement among children who are vulnerable to poor reading outcomes. Models to understand vulnerability have been applied in the social sciences and public health to identify population disparities and design interventions to improve outcomes. Vulnerability is multifaceted and governed by context. Using a vulnerability framework for the science of reading provides an innovative approach for acknowledging multilevel factors contributing to disparities. The ecological considerations of both individual differences in learners and conditions within and outside of schools ensures that scientific advances are realized for learners who are more vulnerable to experiencing reading difficulty in school. K E Y W O R D S minority children, reading, risk, vulnerability INTRODUCTIONThe United States (US) has long been perplexed by persistent inequities in educational experiences and outcomes among school-age children. Whether characterized as achievement gaps or opportunity gaps (Coleman, 1968;Ladson-Billings, 2006;Reardon, 2013), significant differences are routinely observed on most indicators of school achievement and success. In particular, students growing up in poverty and low-income households and

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“…Underfunded schools are more likely to yield poorer educational outcomes, a risk factor for later-in-life exposure to violence (Bray et al 2020; David-Ferdon et al 2016). In reciprocal fashion, exposure to community firearm violence is also a predictor of educational performance (Bergen-Cico et al 2018). There is also strong evidence that early childhood care, which the U.S., unlike most other similarly large and wealthy countries, does not guarantee, is associated with reduced violent crime (Heckman, Pinto, and Savelyev 2013; Reynolds et al 2001).…”

Section: Relationships Between Community Firearm Violence Community T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and Structural Determinants of Community Firearm Violence and Community Trauma

Buggs¹,

Kravitz‐Wirtz²,

Lund³

2022

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Scie

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The adverse impacts of community firearm violence in the U.S. are unequally felt across geographic and various sociodemographic segments of our population. Researchers, government leaders, and the general public need to contend with the various ways in which unjust socioeconomic and political forces and systems of power and privilege lead to differences in risk exposure among population groups, as well as differences in the extent to which various segments of the population are protected from the adverse effects of firearm violence. We highlight dozens of studies to illustrate how firearm violence and community trauma in the U.S. can be more effectively addressed when a “social and structural determinants” perspective is used to understand and respond to this public health problem.

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Community Gun Violence as a Social Determinant of Elementary School Achievement

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

Ecological promotive and protective factors deterring gun carriage for young adults living in communities with high rates of community violence

Ecological promotive and protective factors deterring gun carriage for young adults living in communities with high rates of community violence

Building a framework to understand and address vulnerability to reading difficulties among children in schools in the United States

Social and Structural Determinants of Community Firearm Violence and Community Trauma

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