Community-Level Impacts of Climate-Smart Agriculture Interventions on Food Security and Dietary Diversity in Climate-Smart Villages in Myanmar

Abstract

Diversification of production to strengthen resilience is a key tenet of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), which can help to address the complex vulnerabilities of agriculture-dependent rural communities. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the promotion of different CSA practices across four climate-smart villages (CSVs) in Myanmar. To determine the impact of the CSA practices on livelihoods and health, survey data were collected from agricultural households (n = 527) over three years. Within the time period studied, the results indicate that some the CSA practices and technologies adopted were significantly associated with changes in household dietary diversity scores (HDDS), but, in the short-term, these were not associated with improvements in the households’ food insecurity scores (HFIAS). Based on the survey responses, we examined how pathways of CSA practice adoption tailored to different contexts of Myanmar’s four agroecologies could contribute to the observed changes, including possible resulting trade-offs. We highlight that understanding the impacts of CSA adoption on household food security in CSVs will require longer-term monitoring, as most CSA options are medium- to long-cycle interventions. Our further analysis of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) amongst the households indicated a poor understanding of the household knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to nutrition, food choices, food preparation, sanitation and hygiene. Our KAP findings indicate that current nutrition education interventions in the Myanmar CSVs are inadequate and will need further improvement for health and nutrition outcomes from the portfolio of CSA interventions.

Impact of CS-IPM on Key Social Welfare Aspects of Smallholder Farmers’ Livelihoods

“…Some cases rely heavily on crop production as a source of income, necessitating the use of crops that are resilient to climatic hazards. This illustrates that there are some situations where households are more likely to be food secure and be able to supplement their dietary needs if there are such things as a better educational level, farming as a major occupation, a larger pond size, more cattle, higher household income, smaller family size, and less difficulty with access to markets, among others [77].…”

A comparative assessment of the poverty and food insecurity experience between food entrepreneurs and smallholder farmers in rural Zambia

“…Food security is threatened by many factors, such as limited ability to buy available food due to low or no income (FAO, 2017b); changing climate which bring about floods and droughts (Hanley et al, 2021); ever rising costs of food (FAO, 2015); poor public health and threats from the outbreak of pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Alesina and Giuliani, 2015); seed control and preservation (Sustainable Development Report, 2015); and food limiting conflicts, such as the Russia-Ukrainian war (Berkhout et al, 2022).…”

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“…Agar perintah-perintah dilaksanakan dengan benar, karakteristik otoritas seharusnya bersifat formal. Tanpa adanya wewenang yang jelas, masyarakat tidak akan menganggap kuasa para pelaksana kebijakan sebagai sesuatu yang sah (Hanley, 2021). Akibatnya, implementasi kebijakan dapat mengalami kegagalan.…”